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§112.32.Aquatic Science, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
Aquatic Science, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
(c). Knowledge and skills.(10). Science concepts. The student knows environmental adaptations of aquatic organisms. The student is expected to:(A). classify different aquatic organisms using tools such as dichotomous keys
(C). compare differences in adaptations of aquatic organisms to fresh water and marine environments
(11). Science concepts. The student knows about the interdependence and interactions that occur in aquatic environments. The student is expected to:(A). identify how energy flows and matter cycles through both fresh water and salt water aquatic systems, including food webs, chains, and pyramids
(B). evaluate the factors affecting aquatic population cyclesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(12). Science concepts. The student understands how human activities impact aquatic environments. The student is expected to:(A). predict effects of chemical, organic, physical, and thermal changes from humans on the living and nonliving components of an aquatic ecosystemQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). analyze the cumulative impact of human population growth on an aquatic systemQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(D). analyze and discuss how human activities such as fishing, transportation, dams, and recreation influence aquatic environmentsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(4). Science concepts. Students know that aquatic environments are the product of Earth systems interactions. The student is expected to:(A). identify key features and characteristics of atmospheric, geological, hydrological, and biological systems as they relate to aquatic environmentsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). apply systems thinking to the examination of aquatic environments, including positive and negative feedback cyclesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). collect and evaluate global environmental data using technology such as maps, visualizations, satellite data, Global Positioning System (GPS)., Geographic Information System (GIS)., weather balloons, buoys, etc.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(6). Science concepts. The student knows the role of cycles in an aquatic environment. The student is expected to:(A). identify the role of carbon, nitrogen, water, and nutrient cycles in an aquatic environment, including upwellings and turnovers
(B). examine the interrelationships between aquatic systems and climate and weather, including El Niño and La Niña, currents, and hurricanesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(7). Science concepts. The student knows the origin and use of water in a watershed. The student is expected to:(A). identify sources and determine the amounts of water in a watershed, including rainfall, groundwater, and surface water
(B). identify factors that contribute to how water flows through a watershed
(C). identify water quantity and quality in a local watershed
(8). Science concepts. The student knows that geological phenomena and fluid dynamics affect aquatic systems. The student is expected to:(A). demonstrate basic principles of fluid dynamics, including hydrostatic pressure, density, salinity, and buoyancyQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(B). identify interrelationships between ocean currents, climates, and geologic featuresQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(9). Science concepts. The student knows the types and components of aquatic ecosystems. The student is expected to:(A). differentiate among freshwater, brackish, and saltwater ecosystemsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). identify the major properties and components of different marine and freshwater life zonesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). identify biological, chemical, geological, and physical components of an aquatic life zone as they relate to the organisms in itQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
§112.33.Astronomy, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
Astronomy, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
(c). Knowledge and skills.(10). Science concepts. The student knows the role of the Sun as the star in our solar system. The student is expected to:(A). identify the approximate mass, size, motion, temperature, structure, and composition of the Sun
(B). distinguish between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission, and identify the source of energy within the Sun as nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium
(C). describe the eleven-year solar cycle and the significance of sunspots
(D). analyze solar magnetic storm activity, including coronal mass ejections, prominences, flares, and sunspots
(11). Science concepts. The student knows the characteristics and life cycle of stars. The student is expected to:(A). identify the characteristics of main sequence stars, including surface temperature, age, relative size, and composition
(B). characterize star formation in stellar nurseries from giant molecular clouds, to protostars, to the development of main sequence stars
(C). evaluate the relationship between mass and fusion on the dying process and properties of stars
(D). differentiate among the end states of stars, including white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes
(E). compare how the mass and gravity of a main sequence star will determine its end state as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
(G). use the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to plot and examine the life cycle of stars from birth to death
(12). Science concepts. The student knows the variety and properties of galaxies. The student is expected to:(A). describe characteristics of galaxies
(B). recognize the type, structure, and components of our Milky Way galaxy and location of our solar system within it
(C). compare and contrast the different types of galaxies, including spiral, elliptical, irregular, and dwarf
(13). Science concepts. The student knows the scientific theories of cosmology. The student is expected to:(A). research and describe the historical development of the Big Bang Theory, including red shift, cosmic microwave background radiation, and other supporting evidence
(C). research and describe scientific hypotheses of the fate of the universe, including open and closed universes and the role of dark matter and dark energy
(14). Science concepts. The student recognizes the benefits and challenges of space exploration to the study of the universe. The student is expected to:(C). analyze the importance of ground-based technology in astronomical studies
(D). recognize the importance of space telescopes to the collection of astronomical data across the electromagnetic spectrum
(2). Scientific processes. The student uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. The student is expected to:(I). use astronomical technology such as telescopes, binoculars, sextants, computers, and software
(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(D). evaluate the impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment
(4). Science concepts. The student recognizes the importance and uses of astronomy in civilization. The student is expected to:(B). research and describe the contributions of scientists to our changing understanding of astronomy, including Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and Hubble, and the contribution of women astronomers, including Maria Mitchel
(5). Science concepts. The student develops a familiarity with the sky. The student is expected to:(B). observe and record the apparent movement of the Moon, planets, and stars in the nighttime sky
(6). Science concepts. The student knows our place in space. The student is expected to:(A). compare and contrast the scale, size, and distance of the Sun, Earth, and Moon system through the use of data and modeling
(B). compare and contrast the scale, size, and distance of objects in the solar system such as the Sun and planets through the use of data and modeling
(C). examine the scale, size, and distance of the stars, Milky Way, and other galaxies through the use of data and modeling
(D). relate apparent versus absolute magnitude to the distances of celestial objects
(E). demonstrate the use of units of measurement in astronomy, including Astronomical Units and light years
(7). Science concepts. The student knows the role of the Moon in the Sun, Earth, and Moon system. The student is expected to:(A). observe and record data about lunar phases and use that information to model the Sun, Earth, and Moon system
(B). illustrate the cause of lunar phases by showing positions of the Moon relative to Earth and the Sun for each phase, including new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent
(C). identify and differentiate the causes of lunar and solar eclipses, including differentiating between lunar phases and eclipses
(D). identify the effects of the Moon on tides
(9). Science concepts. The student knows that planets of different size, composition, and surface features orbit around the Sun. The student is expected to:(A). compare and contrast the factors essential to life on Earth such as temperature, water, mass, and gases to conditions on other planets
(B). compare the planets in terms of orbit, size, composition, rotation, atmosphere, natural satellites, and geological activity
(C). relate the role of Newton's law of universal gravitation to the motion of the planets around the Sun and to the motion of natural and artificial satellites around the planets
(D). explore the origins and significance of small solar system bodies, including asteroids, comets, and Kuiper belt objects
§112.34.Biology (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
Biology (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
(c). Knowledge and skills.(10). Science concepts. The student knows that biological systems are composed of multiple levels. The student is expected to:(B). describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants
(C). analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole systemQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Cells
(11). Science concepts. The student knows that biological systems work to achieve and maintain balance. The student is expected to:(A). summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems
(12). Science concepts. The student knows that interdependence and interactions occur within an environmental system. The student is expected to:(A). interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition, among organisms
(B). compare variations and adaptations of organisms in different ecosystemsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids
(D). describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the consequences of disrupting these cycles
(E). describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability
(2). Scientific processes. The student uses scientific practices and equipment during laboratory and field investigations. The student is expected to:(E). plan and implement descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, including asking questions, formulating testable hypotheses, and selecting equipment and technology
(F). collect and organize qualitative and quantitative data and make measurements with accuracy and precision using tools such as data-collecting probes, standard laboratory glassware, microscopes, various prepared slides, stereoscopes, metric rulers, balancesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Cells
(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(A). analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the studentQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Cells Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Meiosis Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Mitosis
(C). draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services
(D). evaluate the impact of scientific research on society and the environment
(E). evaluate models according to their limitations in representing biological objects or eventsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Meiosis
(F). research and describe the history of biology and contributions of scientistsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Cells
(4). Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:(A). compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their complexity, and compare and contrast scientific explanations for cellular complexity
(B). investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis and transport of molecules
(C). compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza
(5). Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation. The student is expected to:(A). describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organismsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Meiosis Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Mitosis
(B). describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental factors in cell differentiation
(C). recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer
(6). Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics such as the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics. The student is expected to:(A). identify components of DNA, identify how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA, and examine scientific explanations for the origin of DNAQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Mitosis
(B). recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms
(C). explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA
(D). recognize that gene expression is a regulated process
(E). identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes
(F). predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance
(G). recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproductionQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Meiosis
(7). Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to:(A). analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental
(B). examine scientific explanations of abrupt appearance and stasis in the fossil record
(C). analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals
(D). analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive succes
(E). analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species
(F). analyze other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination
(8). Science concepts. The student knows that taxonomy is a branching classification based on the shared characteristics of organisms and can change as new discoveries are made. The student is expected to:(A). define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community
(B). categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups
(C). compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
(9). Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms. The student is expected to:(A). compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
(B). compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy, energy conversions, and matter
(C). identify and investigate the role of enzymes
§112.35.Chemistry (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
Chemistry (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
(c). Knowledge and skills.(10). Science concepts. The student understands and can apply the factors that influence the behavior of solutions. The student is expected to:(A). describe the unique role of water in solutions in terms of polarity
(E). distinguish among types of solutions such as electrolytes and nonelectrolytes; unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions; and strong and weak acids and bases
(G). define acids and bases and distinguish between Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions and predict products in acid-base reactions that form water
(11). Science concepts. The student understands the energy changes that occur in chemical reactions. The student is expected to:(A). describe energy and its forms, including kinetic, potential, chemical, and thermal energiesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Gases Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(B). describe the law of conservation of energy and the processes of heat transfer in terms of calorimetryQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(C). classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic and represent energy changes that occur in chemical reactions using thermochemical equations or graphical analysisQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(D). perform calculations involving heat, mass, temperature change, and specific heatQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(2). Scientific processes. The student uses scientific practices to solve investigative questions. The student is expected to:(A). know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section
(F). collect data and make measurements with accuracy and precision
(G). express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures, including dimensional analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures
(H). organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data
(I). communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphs, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology-based reports
(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(A). analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student
(D). evaluate the impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment
(F). describe the history of chemistry and contributions of scientists
(4). Science concepts. The student knows the characteristics of matter and can analyze the relationships between chemical and physical changes and properties. The student is expected to:(A). differentiate between physical and chemical changes and properties
(B). identify extensive properties such as mass and volume and intensive properties such as density and melting pointQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(C). compare solids, liquids, and gases in terms of compressibility, structure, shape, and volume
(D). classify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation of their properties
(5). Science concepts. The student understands the historical development of the Periodic Table and can apply its predictive power. The student is expected to:(A). explain the use of chemical and physical properties in the historical development of the Periodic Table
(B). identify and explain the properties of chemical families, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals, using the Periodic Table
(C). interpret periodic trends, including atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy, using the Periodic Table
(6). Science concepts. The student knows and understands the historical development of atomic theory. The student is expected to:(A). describe the experimental design and conclusions used in the development of modern atomic theory, including Dalton's Postulates, Thomson's discovery of electron properties, Rutherford's nuclear atom, and Bohr's nuclear atom
(B). describe the mathematical relationships between energy, frequency, and wavelength of light using the electromagnetic spectrum
(C). calculate average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition
(D). express the arrangement of electrons in atoms of representative elements using electron configurations and Lewis valence electron dot structures
(7). Science concepts. The student knows how atoms form ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. The student is expected to:(A). name ionic compounds containing main group or transition metals, covalent compounds, acids, and bases using International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature rules
(B). write the chemical formulas of ionic compounds containing representative elements, transition metals and common polyatomic ions, covalent compounds, and acids and bases
(C). construct electron dot formulas to illustrate ionic and covalent bonds
(D). describe metallic bonding and explain metallic properties such as thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility
(8). Science concepts. The student can quantify the changes that occur during chemical reactions. The student is expected to:(A). define and use the concept of a moleQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game The Mole
(D). differentiate between empirical and molecular formulas
(E). write and balance chemical equations using the law of conservation of mass
(F). differentiate among double replacement reactions, including acid-base reactions and precipitation reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions such as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and combustion reactions
(9). Science concepts. The student understands the principles of ideal gas behavior, kinetic molecular theory, and the conditions that influence the behavior of gases. The student is expected to:(A). describe and calculate the relations between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an ideal gas as described by Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, and the ideal gas law
(B). describe the postulates of kinetic molecular theory
§112.36.Earth and Space Science, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
Earth and Space Science, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
(c). Knowledge and skills.(1). Scientific processes. The student conducts laboratory and field investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. The student is expected to:(A). demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations
(B). demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials
(10). Solid Earth. The student knows that plate tectonics is the global mechanism for major geologic processes and that heat transfer, governed by the principles of thermodynamics, is the driving force. The student is expected to:(A). investigate how new conceptual interpretations of data and innovative geophysical technologies led to the current theory of plate tectonics
(B). describe how heat and rock composition affect density within Earth's interior and how density influences the development and motion of Earth's tectonic plates
(C). explain how plate tectonics accounts for geologic processes and features, including sea floor spreading, ocean ridges and rift valleys, subduction zones, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, hot spots, and hydrothermal vents
(D). calculate the motion history of tectonic plates using equations relating rate, time, and distance to predict future motions, locations, and resulting geologic features
(E). distinguish the location, type, and relative motion of convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries using evidence from the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
(F). evaluate the role of plate tectonics with respect to long-term global changes in Earth's subsystems such as continental buildup, glaciation, sea level fluctuations, mass extinctions, and climate change
(11). Solid Earth. The student knows that the geosphere continuously changes over a range of time scales involving dynamic and complex interactions among Earth's subsystems. The student is expected to:(A). compare the roles of erosion and deposition through the actions of water, wind, ice, gravity, and igneous activity by lava in constantly reshaping Earth's surfaceQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(B). explain how plate tectonics accounts for geologic surface processes and features, including folds, faults, sedimentary basin formation, mountain building, and continental accretion
(C). analyze changes in continental plate configurations such as Pangaea and their impact on the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through time
(D). interpret Earth surface features using a variety of methods such as satellite imagery, aerial photography, and topographic and geologic maps using appropriate technologies
(E). evaluate the impact of changes in Earth's subsystems on humans such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, flooding, and storm surges and the impact of humans on Earth's subsystems such as population growth, fossil fuel burning, and useQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(12). Solid Earth. The student knows that Earth contains energy, water, mineral, and rock resources and that use of these resources impacts Earth's subsystems. The student is expected to:(A). evaluate how the use of energy, water, mineral, and rock resources affects Earth's subsystemsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). discriminate between renewable and nonrenewable resources based upon rate of formation and use
(D). analyze the economics of resources from discovery to disposal, including technological advances, resource type, concentration and location, waste disposal and recycling, and environmental costs
(13). Fluid Earth. The student knows that the fluid Earth is composed of the hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmosphere subsystems that interact on various time scales with the biosphere and geosphere. The student is expected to:(A). quantify the components and fluxes within the hydrosphere such as changes in polar ice caps and glaciers, salt water incursions, and groundwater levels in response to precipitation events or excessive pumping
(B). analyze how global ocean circulation is the result of wind, tides, the Coriolis effect, water density differences, and the shape of the ocean basinsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). analyze the empirical relationship between the emissions of carbon dioxide, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and the average global temperature trends over the past 150 yearsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Climate
(D). discuss mechanisms and causes such as selective absorbers, major volcanic eruptions, solar luminance, giant meteorite impacts, and human activities that result in significant changes in Earth's climateQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Climate
(14). Fluid Earth. The student knows that Earth's global ocean stores solar energy and is a major driving force for weather and climate through complex atmospheric interactions. The student is expected to:(A). analyze the uneven distribution of solar energy on Earth's surface, including differences in atmospheric transparency, surface albedo, Earth's tilt, duration of insolation, and differences in atmospheric and surface absorption of energyQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Climate
(B). investigate how the atmosphere is heated from Earth's surface due to absorption of solar energy, which is re-radiated as thermal energy and trapped by selective absorbersQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Climate
(C). explain how thermal energy transfer between the ocean and atmosphere drives surface currents, thermohaline currents, and evaporation that influence climateQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(15). Fluid Earth. The student knows that interactions among Earth's five subsystems influence climate and resource availability, which affect Earth's habitability. The student is expected to:(A). describe how changing surface-ocean conditions, including El Niño-Southern Oscillation, affect global weather and climate patternsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). investigate evidence such as ice cores, glacial striations, and fossils for climate variability and its use in developing computer models to explain present and predict future climates
(C). quantify the dynamics of surface and groundwater movement such as recharge, discharge, evapotranspiration, storage, residence time, and sustainability
(D). explain the global carbon cycle, including how carbon exists in different forms within the five subsystems and how these forms affect life
(E). analyze recent global ocean temperature data to predict the consequences of changing ocean temperature on evaporation, sea level, algal growth, coral bleaching, hurricane intensity, and biodiversityQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Climate
(2). Scientific processes. The student uses scientific methods during laboratory and field investigations. The student is expected to:(A). know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section
(E). demonstrate the use of course equipment, techniques, and procedures, including computers and web-based computer applications
(F). use a wide variety of additional course apparatuses, equipment, techniques, and procedures as appropriate such as satellite imagery and other remote sensing data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), scientific probes, mi
(G). organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from dataQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(I). communicate valid conclusions supported by data using several formats such as technical reports, lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, presentations, and technical posters
(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(A). in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanatQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(D). evaluate the impact of research on scientific thought, society, and public policy
(F). learn and understand the contributions of scientists to the historical development of Earth and space sciences
(4). Earth in space and time. The student knows how Earth-based and space-based astronomical observations reveal differing theories about the structure, scale, composition, origin, and history of the universe. The student is expected to:(A). evaluate the evidence concerning the Big Bang model such as red shift and cosmic microwave background radiation and current theories of the evolution of the universe, including estimates for the age of the universe
(B). explain how the Sun and other stars transform matter into energy through nuclear fusion
(C). investigate the process by which a supernova can lead to the formation of successive generation stars and planets
(5). Earth in space and time. The student understands the solar nebular accretionary disk model. The student is expected to:(A). analyze how gravitational condensation of solar nebular gas and dust can lead to the accretion of planetesimals and protoplanets
(B). investigate thermal energy sources, including kinetic heat of impact accretion, gravitational compression, and radioactive decay, which are thought to allow protoplanet differentiation into layers
(C). contrast the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteoroids and their positions in the solar system, including the orbital regions of the terrestrial planets, the asteroid belt, gas giants, Kuiper Belt, and Oort Cloud
(D). explore the historical and current hypotheses for the origin of the Moon, including the collision of Earth with a Mars-sized planetesimal
(E). compare terrestrial planets to gas-giant planets in the solar system, including structure, composition, size, density, orbit, surface features, tectonic activity, temperature, and suitability for life
(6). Earth in space and time. The student knows the evidence for how Earth's atmospheres, hydrosphere, and geosphere formed and changed through time. The student is expected to:(D). evaluate the evidence that Earth's cooling led to tectonic activity, resulting in continents and ocean basins
(7). Earth in space and time. The student knows that scientific dating methods of fossils and rock sequences are used to construct a chronology of Earth's history expressed in the geologic time scale. The student is expected to:(A). evaluate relative dating methods using original horizontality, rock superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, unconformities, index fossils, and biozones based on fossil succession to determine chronological order
(B). calculate the ages of igneous rocks from Earth and the Moon and meteorites using radiometric dating methods
(C). understand how multiple dating methods are used to construct the geologic time scale, which represents Earth's approximate 4.6-billion-year history
(8). Earth in space and time. The student knows that fossils provide evidence for geological and biological evolution. Students are expected to:(A). analyze and evaluate a variety of fossil types such as transitional fossils, proposed transitional fossils, fossil lineages, and significant fossil deposits with regard to their appearance, completeness, and alignment with scientific explanations in light
(B). explain how sedimentation, fossilization, and speciation affect the degree of completeness of the fossil record
(9). Solid Earth. The student knows Earth's interior is differentiated chemically, physically, and thermally. The student is expected to:(A). evaluate heat transfer through Earth's subsystems by radiation, convection, and conduction and include its role in plate tectonics, volcanism, ocean circulation, weather, and climateQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). examine the chemical, physical, and thermal structure of Earth's crust, mantle, and core, including the lithosphere and asthenosphere
(C). explain how scientists use geophysical methods such as seismic wave analysis, gravity, and magnetism to interpret Earth's structure
(D). describe the formation and structure of Earth's magnetic field, including its interaction with charged solar particles to form the Van Allen belts and auroras
§112.37.Environmental Systems, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
Environmental Systems, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
(c). Knowledge and skills.(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(A). in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanatQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Cells Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Meiosis Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Mitosis
(C). draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services
(4). Science concepts. The student knows the relationships of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems, and biomes. The student is expected to:(A). identify native plants and animals using a dichotomous key
(B). assess the role of native plants and animals within a local ecosystem and compare them to plants and animals in ecosystems within four other biomes
(C). diagram abiotic cycles, including the rock, hydrologic, carbon, and nitrogen cyclesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(D). make observations and compile data about fluctuations in abiotic cycles and evaluate the effects of abiotic factors on local ecosystems and local biomesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Rocks
(E). measure the concentration of solute, solvent, and solubility of dissolved substances such as dissolved oxygen, chlorides, and nitrates and describe their impact on an ecosystemQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(H). research and explain the causes of species diversity and predict changes that may occur in an ecosystem if species and genetic diversity is increased or reduced
(5). Science concepts. The student knows the interrelationships among the resources within the local environmental system. The student is expected to:(C). document the use and conservation of both renewable and non-renewable resources as they pertain to sustainability
(D). identify renewable and non-renewable resources that must come from outside an ecosystem such as food, water, lumber, and energy
(E). analyze and evaluate the economic significance and interdependence of resources within the environmental system
(6). Science concepts. The student knows the sources and flow of energy through an environmental system. The student is expected to:(A). define and identify the components of the geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere and the interactions among them
(B). describe and compare renewable and non-renewable energy derived from natural and alternative sources such as oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, and wind
(C). explain the flow of energy in an ecosystem, including conduction, convection, and radiation
(D). investigate and explain the effects of energy transformations in terms of the laws of thermodynamics within an ecosystem
(E). investigate and identify energy interactions in an ecosystem
(7). Science concepts. The student knows the relationship between carrying capacity and changes in populations and ecosystems. The student is expected to:(C). analyze and predict the effects of non-renewable resource depletion
(8). Science concepts. The student knows that environments change naturally. The student is expected to:(A). analyze and describe the effects on areas impacted by natural events such as tectonic movement, volcanic events, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding, tsunamis, and population growth
(B). explain how regional changes in the environment may have a global effect
(C). examine how natural processes such as succession and feedback loops restore habitats and ecosystems
(9). Science concepts. The student knows the impact of human activities on the environment. The student is expected to:(A). identify causes of air, soil, and water pollution, including point and nonpoint sourcesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(B). investigate the types of air, soil, and water pollution such as chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, pH, pesticide runoff, thermal variations, metallic ions, heavy metals, and nuclear wasteQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(C). examine the concentrations of air, soil, and water pollutants using appropriate unitsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(D). describe the effect of pollution on global warming, glacial and ice cap melting, greenhouse effect, ozone layer, and aquatic viability
(E). evaluate the effect of human activities, including habitat restoration projects, species preservation efforts, nature conservancy groups, hunting, fishing, ecotourism, all terrain vehicles, and small personal watercraft, on the environmentQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(F). evaluate cost-benefit trade-offs of commercial activities such as municipal development, farming, deforestation, over-harvesting, and miningQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Minerals Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Oceans
(G). analyze how ethical beliefs can be used to influence scientific practices such as methods for increasing food production
(H). analyze and evaluate different views on the existence of global warming
§112.39.Physics (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
Physics (One Credit), Adopted 2017 – The provisions of §§112.34, 112.35, 112.38, and 112.39 of this subchapter adopted in 2017 shall be implemented by school districts beginning with the 2018-2019 school year.
(c). Knowledge and skills.(1). Scientific processes. The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipm(A). demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations
(B). demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials
(2). Scientific processes. The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to:(A). know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section
(E). demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures, including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), balances, batteries, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus, lab masses, magnets, plane mirrors, convex leQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(F). use a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope, tuning forks, hand-held visual spectroscopes, discharge tubes with power supply (Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(G). make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) units
(H). organize, evaluate, and make inferences from data, including the use of tables, charts, and graphsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(I). communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology-based reportsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(J). express relationships among physical variables quantitatively, including the use of graphs, charts, and equations
(3). Scientific processes. The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:(A). analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the studentQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(C). explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society
(E). express, manipulate, and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematicallyQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(4). Science concepts. The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to:(A). generate and interpret graphs and charts describing different types of motion, including investigations using real-time technology such as motion detectors or photogates
(B). describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations and graphical vector addition with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, frames of reference, and acceleration
(C). analyze and describe accelerated motion in two dimensions, including using equations, graphical vector addition, and projectile and circular examples
(D). calculate the effect of forces on objects, including the law of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and the nature of force pairs between objects using methods, including free-body force diagrams
(5). Science concepts. The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to:(A). describe the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces
(E). characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electric properties
(F). investigate and calculate current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations
(6). Science concepts. The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to:(A). investigate and calculate quantities using the work-energy theorem in various situations
(B). investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformationsQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(C). calculate the mechanical energy of, power generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system
(D). demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension
(E). explain everyday examples that illustrate the four laws of thermodynamics and the processes of thermal energy transferQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Heat
(7). Science concepts. The student knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. The student is expected to:(A). examine and describe oscillatory motion and wave propagation in various types of mediaQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(B). investigate and analyze characteristics of waves, including velocity, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, and calculate using the relationship between wavespeed, frequency, and wavelengthQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(C). compare characteristics and behaviors of transverse waves, including electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum, and characteristics and behaviors of longitudinal waves, including sound wavesQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(D). investigate behaviors of waves, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, resonance, and the Doppler effectQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Sound
(E). describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens
(8). Science concepts. The student knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. The student is expected to:(A). describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light
(D). give examples of applications of atomic and nuclear phenomena using the standard model such as nuclear stability, fission and fusion, radiation therapy, diagnostic imaging, semiconductors, superconductors, solar cells, and nuclear power and examples of ap