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Chemical bonding
Science, Grade 6
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Study Guide Chemical bonding Science, Grade 6
❮
1
/
2
❯
CHEMICAL
BONDING
Chemical
bonding
involves
only
an
atom’s
outermost
electrons.
These
electrons
are
called
valence
electrons
and
because
they
have
more
energy
than
other
electrons,
they
tend
to
be
found
further
away
from
the
nucleus.
Since
the
valence
electrons
are
the
atom’s
most
important
electrons,
electron
dot
diagrams
are
drawn
to
show
them.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
are
valence
electrons?
Achieving
Stability
Individual
atoms
seek
stability.
This
occurs
when
the
outermost
orbit
or
energy
level
has
eight
electrons.
Hydrogen
only
needs
two
to
be
stable.
The
reason
the
noble
gases
are
stable
is
because
they
already
have
eight
valence
electrons.
For
all
other
atoms,
bonding
is
necessary
to
achieve
this
stability.
This
is
done
is
one
of
two
ways:
•
Ionic
bonding
occurs
when
one
atom
gives
up
its
valence
electrons
to
another.
In
doing
so,
both
atoms
wind
up
with
the
eight
electrons
needed.
For
example,
in
the
electron
dot
diagram
below
Sodium
(Na)
has
one
valence
electron
and
Chlorine(Cl)
has
seven.
When
sodium
gives
this
electron
to
chlorine
it
now
has
eight
outer
electrons
and
chlorine,
which
had
seven,
now
has
eight.
An
ionic
bond
forms.
The
result
of
this
bond
is
an
ionic
compound.
Ions
are
electrically
charged
atoms
and,
in
this
case,
Na
having
given
up
one
electron
becomes
positively
charged
and
Cl,
now
having
an
extra
electron,
becomes
negatively
charged.
The
force
of
attraction
between
these
two
ions
creates
the
bond.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
is
an
ionic
bond?
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purchaser
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•
The
second
type
of
bonding
is
called
covalent
bonding.
With
this
bond,
atoms
do
not
transfer
their
valence
electrons
but,
instead,
a
sharing
of
valence
electrons
takes
place.
If
you
look
at
the
electron
dot
diagram
below,
Hydrogen
needs
to
get
two
electrons
to
bond
and
Oxygen
needs
eight.
To
achieve
this,
each
Hydrogen
atom
shares
one
electron
with
Oxygen
and
Oxygen,
in
turn,
shares
one
of
its
valence
electrons
with
each
Hydrogen
atom.
The
result
is
the
formation
of
a
water
molecule.
A
molecule
forms
when
covalent
bonds
are
used.
LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
How
does
a
covalent
bond
form
and
what
is
the
term
for
the
chemical
combination?
Active
metal
atoms
like
Sodium(Na)
are
tightly
held
together
by
metallic
bonds.
Because
active
metals
so
easily
give
up
their
valence
electrons,
when
several
of
these
atoms
come
together
the
atoms
become
positively
charged
ions
and
their
valence
electrons
float
around
between
them.
This
creates
a
great
force
of
attraction
between
all
the
atoms.
Because
of
metallic
bonds,
metals
are
hard,
malleable,
conduct
heat
and
electricity
very
well,
and
have
high
luster
or
shine.
LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
What
are
metallic
bonds
and
what
properties
do
they
give
to
metal
atoms?
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Permission
is
granted
for
the
purchaser
to
print
copies
for
non-commercial
educational
purposes
only.
Visit
us
at
www.NewPathLearning.com.
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