Introduction to Probability
Mathematics, Grade 7
Introduction to Probability
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Introduction to Probability
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Introduction to Probability
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Introduction to Probability
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Study Guide Introduction to Probability Mathematics, Grade 7
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INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY What Is Probability? Probability is the possibility that a certain event will occur. • An event that is certain to occur has a probability of 1. An event that cannot occur has a probability of 0. Therefore, the probability of an event occurring is always between 0 and 1. • The closer a probability is to 1, the more certain that an event will occur. • Probability is the chance of an event occurring divided by the total number of possible outcomes. • If the probability of an event is known, a prediction about the probability of multiple events can be made. To figure out probability, a sample space is used. A sample space lists all the possible outcomes for a certain event. Another tool used in probability is the tree diagram. The tree diagram shows the different combinations that can occur. The Counting Principle also is used to show different combinations. The Counting Principle is a faster method to use than a tree diagram, but only gives the total number outcomes, not what the outcomes are. Experimental probability is the probability that a certain outcome will occur based on an experiment being performed multiple times Theoretical probability is the probability that a certain outcome will occur based on all the possible outcomes. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
How to use probability The probability of one event occurring is equal to the chance of the event occurring divided by the total outcomes. • For example, the probability of picking a seven out of a standard deck of cards is 4/52, or 1/13. Since the probability of picking a seven is 1/13, a prediction can be made if a card is picked 50 times. Ex. Chance of a seven out of 50 times, 1/3 = x/50, 3x = 50, x = 16.7 ≈ 17 The number of times a seven is picked would be 17. A way that outcomes are shown is called a sample space. A sample space shows all the possible outcomes for an event. If a spinner, with the letters A-D equally spaced, is spun and a die is rolled, the probability of getting a 2 and a B could be found by using a sample space. Sample space { A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 } { C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6} The probability of getting a 2 and a B would be 1/24. A tree diagram is also a visual that shows the combinations of certain events. For example, there are three types of cookies, chocolate chip, oatmeal and sugar, and two types of drinks, milk and juice, to choose from for a snack. How many different combinations are there? Use the tree diagram below: This tree diagram shows that there are 6 different ways to have a snack. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
This could also be figured out using the Counting Principle. With the Counting Principle, the number of different choices is multiplied to get the different combinations. For the above example, 3 cookies x 2 drinks = 6 combinations. The probability of picking sugar cookies and milk is 1/6. Experimental probability is the probability that a certain outcome will occur based on an experiment being performed multiple times. For example, Jeanie's class is doing an experiment about picking the numbers 1 -10. Jeanie picks the number 3. Her teacher picks a number 10 times and the numbers are 2, 1, 6, 9, 7, 6, 3, 7, 3, and 6. The probability of Jeanie's number,3, being picked is 2/10 or 1/5. Theoretical probability is the probability that a certain outcome will occur based on all the possible outcomes. For example, the probability of picking a 3 out of the numbers 1 - 10 is 1/10. Even if the numbers were picked 10 times, the probability would be 10/100 or 1/10. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Try This! 1. Is the probability that June is a summer month closer to 0 or 1? 2. What is the probability of picking a red card out of a deck of 52 cards? 3. If a die is rolled 60 times, how many times will it land on a 2? 4. What is the sample space for a coin being flipped and a number 1 - 5 being picked? 5. Make a tree diagram for a sandwich with white or wheat bread, ham or turkey and pickles or mustard. 6. Using the Counting Principle, how many outcomes are there for a pizza with 2 types of sauces, 3 types of cheeses and 8 types of toppings? 7. Ruth's class did an experiment where a die was rolled 8 times. Ruth picked the number 4. The results were 2, 1, 6, 1, 6, 3, 5, and 2. What was the probability of Ruth getting a 4? © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
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