Science Grade 8 Flip Chart

Copyright © NewPath Learning. All rights reserved. www.newpathlearning.com Charts Charts Grade Grade 888 34-8001 \|xiBAHBDy01260tz] Sturdy, Free-Standing Design, Perfect for Learning Centers! Reverse Side Features Questions, Labeling Exercises, Vocabulary Review & more!

Phone: 800-507-0966 • Fax: 800-507-0967 www.newpathlearning.com NewPath Learning® products are developed by teachers using research-based principles and are classroom tested. The company’s product line consists of an array of proprietary curriculum review games, workbooks, posters and other print materials. All products are supplemented with web-based activities, assessments and content to provide an engaging means of educating students on key, curriculum-based topics correlated to applicable state and national education standards. Copyright © 2009 NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Curriculum Mastery® and NewPath Learning® are registered trademarks of NewPath Learning LLC. Science Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts provide comprehensive coverage of key standards-based curriculum in an illustrated format that is visually appealing, engaging and easy to use. Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts can be used with the entire classroom, with small groups or by students working independently. Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart Set features • 10 double-sided laminated charts covering grade-level specific curriculum content on one side plus write-on/wipe-off charts on reverse side for student use or for small-group instruction. • Built-in sturdy free-standing easel for easy display • Spiral bound for ease of use • Activity Guide with black-line masters of the charts for students to fill-in, key vocabulary terms, corresponding quiz questions for each chart, along with answers Ideal for • Learning centers • In class instruction for interactive presentations and demonstrations • Hands-on student use • Stand alone reference for review of key science concepts • Teaching resource to supplement any program HOW TO USE Classroom Use Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart can be used to graphically introduce or review a topic of interest. Side 1 of each Flip Chart provides graphical representation of key concepts in a concise, grade appropriate reading level for instructing students. The reverse Side 2 of each Flip Chart allows teachers or students to fill in the call-outs of key structures and summarize key concepts. Note: Be sure to use an appropriate dry-erase marker and to test it on a small section of the chart prior to using it. The Activity Guide included provides a black-line master of each Flip Chart which students can use to fill in before, during, or after instruction. On the reverse side of each black-line master are questions corresponding to each Flip Chart topic which can be used as further review or as a means of assessment. While the activities in the guide can be used in conjunction with the Flip Charts, they can also be used individually for review or as a form of assessment or in conjunction with any other related assignment. Learning Centers Each Flip Chart provides students with a quick illustrated view of grade-appropriate curriculum concepts. Students may use these Flip Charts in small group settings along with the corresponding activity pages contained in the guide to learn or review concepts already covered in class. Students may also use these charts as reference while playing the NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Independent student use Students can use the hands-on Flip Charts to practice and learn independently by first studying Side 1 of the chart and then using Side 2 of the chart or the corresponding graphical activities contained in the guide to fill in the answers and assess their understanding. Reference/Teaching resource Curriculum Mastery® Charts are a great visual supplement to any curriculum or they can be used in conjunction with NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Chart # 1: Chart # 2: Chart # 3: Chart # 4: Chart # 5: Chart # 6: Chart # 7: Chart # 8: Chart # 9: Chart #10: Photosynthesis & Respiration Modern Genetics Osmosis & Diffusion Microlife Rocks Minerals Plate Tectonics Elements & The Periodic Table Chemical Reactions Properties of Atoms

glucose smaller molecules cytoplasm energy mitochondrion carbon dioxide Stage 2 smaller molecules water oxygen energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants and certain bacteria use the energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen. Plants and animals use glucose as a source of energy for all life processes. The process of photosynthesis begins in the leaves where light energy is absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found within a plant cell organelle called the chloroplast. The captured light energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. stoma leaf vein stoma spongy cells epidermis guard cells nucleus chloroplast Using the captured light energy, glucose and oxygen are produced inside the chloroplasts through a complex series of chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. (Oxygen produced leaves the leaf through the stomata also.) Chloroplasts capture light energy. Water enters the leaf. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is a process by which cells break down glucose to release stored energy. Stage 1 of respiration begins in the cell’s cytoplasm through the break-down of glucose into smaller molecules releasing a small amount of energy. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy glucose oxygen water carbon dioxide 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 oxygen glucose water light energy chlorophyll carbon dioxide 1 Sugar leaves the leaf. 5 2 3 4 water glucose carbon dioxide Stage 1 During Stage 2, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen in the mitochondria to produce a large amount of energy along with carbon dioxide and water. W ATER GL UC OSE Photosynthesis & Respiration © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4701 www.newpathlearning.com

glucose smaller molecules cytoplasm energy mitochondrion carbon dioxide Stage 2 smaller molecules water oxygen energy Photosynthesis _________________________ is a process by which green plants and certain bacteria use the energy from the Sun to convert ____________________ and ____________________ into ____________________ and ____________________. Plants and animals use _________________________ as a source of _________________________ for all life processes. The process of photosynthesis begins in the leaves where light energy is absorbed by the green pigment ____________________ . Chlorophyll is found within a plant cell organelle called the ____________________ . The captured light energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into ____________________ and ____________________ . stoma Using the captured light energy, glucose and oxygen are produced inside the chloroplasts through a complex series of chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. (Oxygen produced leaves the leaf through the stomata also.) Chloroplasts capture light energy. Water enters the leaf. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy glucose oxygen water carbon dioxide 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 oxygen glucose water light energy chlorophyll carbon dioxide 1 Sugar leaves the leaf. 5 2 3 4 water glucose carbon dioxide Stage 1 During ____________________ , the smaller molecules combine with ____________________ in the ____________________ to produce a large amount of energy along with ___________________ and ________________. W ATER GL UC OSE Key Vocabulary Terms • carbon dioxide • guard cell • cellular respiration • mitochondrion • chlorophyll • organelle • chloroplast • oxygen • energy • photosynthesis • glucose • stoma Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is a process by which cells break down glucose to release stored energy. The process of respiration begins in the cell’s ______________________ through the break-down of ______________________ into smaller molecules releasing a small amount of energy. Photosynthesis & Respiration © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4701 www.newpathlearning.com \|xiBAHBDy01767nzW

Human Karyotype © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4703 www.newpathlearning.com Modern Genetics chromosome pair T T C G G gene A A A C C C C G G G G T T T A B c D e F G h i J a b C d E f g H I j T A A C G G 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 XX (female) XY (male) 15 16 17 18 4 5 or DNA Fingerprinting Each person has a unique set of DNA. As a result of this uniqueness, it can be used to produce a genetic fingerprint known as DNA fingerprinting. It is a method used by scientists to solve crimes, determine familial relationships or to track hereditary diseases. 1. DNA is extracted from the cell. 2. The extracted DNA is cut into smaller pieces with special enzymes. 3. The DNA pieces are placed on a gel that uses electric current to push them through the gel and separate them according to size. The larger DNA pieces remain closer to the top, while the smaller ones move towards the bottom. 4. The separated DNA pieces on the gel are then stained to reveal their unique banded pattern known as a DNA fingerprint. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Chromosomes are made up of DNA. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. A gene is a section of a DNA strand that is made up of a series of bases which contains the information for cells to make one specific protein. A karyotype is a picture of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell. Scientists examine a karyotype to identify and evaluate the size, shape and number of chromosomes in a human cell. Extra, missing or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development and body functions. A normal human male karyotype is represented as 46,XY and a normal female karyotype is represented as 46,XX. Individuals with chromosomal disorders include Down Syndrome (47, XY, +21) and Turner’s Syndrome (45, X) among others. DNA strand genes proteins chromosomes centromere nucleolus nucleus cell gel electrophoresis system DNA added

\|xiBAHBDy01762sz\ Human Karyotype © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4703 www.newpathlearning.com Modern Genetics T T C G G A A A C C C C G G G G T T T J T A A C G G 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 XX (female) XY (male) 15 16 17 18 4 5 or DNA Fingerprinting Each person has a unique set of DNA. As a result of this uniqueness, it can be used to produce a genetic fingerprint known as _____________________________. It is a method used by scientists to solve crimes, determine familial relationships or to track hereditary diseases. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA ___________________ are made up of DNA. DNA, or __________________________, is the __________________________ in humans and almost all other organisms. The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: ________________, ________________, ________________ and ________________. The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, ___ with T and C with ___, to form units called _______________________. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. A ________________ is a section of a DNA strand that is made up of a series of bases which contains the information for cells to make one specific ________________. A _________________ is a picture of the complete set of ___________________ in a cell. Scientists examine a karyotype to identify and evaluate the size, shape and number of chromosomes in a human cell. Extra, missing or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development and body functions. A normal human male karyotype is represented as _______________ and a normal female karyotype is represented __________________. Individuals with chromosomal disorders include ________________________________ (47, XY, +21) and ________________________________ (45, X) among others. DNA strand nucleolus nucleus cell DNA added gene A B c D e F G h i a b C d E f g H I Key Vocabulary Terms • adenine • Down syndrome • base pairs • gel electrophoresis • centromere • genes • chemical bases • guanine • chromosomes • hereditary diseases • cytosine • karyotype • DNA • thymine • DNA fingerprinting • Turner’s syndrome 1. 2. 3. 4. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________ _____________________

Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport outside of cell energy inside of cell cell membrane transport protein Cell Membrane Each cell has a cell membrane which provides structure and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. The cell membrane consists of two layers composed of proteins and lipids. The cell membrane is known as a semipermeable membrane since it allows only certain substances to move into and out of the cell. Small molecules move across a cell membrane through a method called diffusion. Diffusion is a process by which a substance moves from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration. This process continues until the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. The movement of water into and out of cells depends on osmosis. Active Transport Some substances move across the cell membrane from a low concentration to an area of high concentration with the use of energy. The transport of materials through a cell membrane using energy is called active transport. Passive Transport The transport of materials across the cell membrane from a high concentration to a place of low concentration without the use of energy is called passive transport. high concentration of oxygen outside the cell even concentration of oxygen inside and outside the cell high concentration high concentration low concentration low concentration Active Transport normal red blood cell low water concentration outside cell high water concentration outside cell This cell has shrunk because water has moved out of it. This cell has swollen because water has moved into it. even concentration of water inside and outside of cell Osmosis & Diffusion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4705 www.newpathlearning.com Inside of Cell Before Diffusion After Diffusion transport protein carbohydrate Outside of Cell lipid bilayer

Diffusion Osmosis Key Vocabulary Terms • active transport • lipid bilayer • cell membrane • low concentration • diffusion • osmosis • energy • passive transport • high concentration • semipermeable membrane • lipids • transport protein outside of cell energy inside of cell cell membrane transport protein Cell Membrane Each cell has a ________________________________ which provides structure and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. The cell membrane consists of two layers composed of ________________ and ________________. The cell membrane is known as a _________________________ membrane since it allows only certain substances to move into and out of the cell. Small molecules move across a cell membrane through a method called __________________. __________________ is a process by which a substance moves from a place of ____________________ concentration to a place of ______________ concentration. This process continues until the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of the membrane. ________________ is the diffusion of water molecules across a ______________________________. The movement of water into and out of cells depends on ________________. Active Transport Describe: __________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Passive Transport Describe: __________________________________________ __________________________________________________ high concentration of oxygen outside the cell even concentration of oxygen inside and outside the cell high concentration high concentration low concentration low concentration normal red blood cell low water concentration outside cell high water concentration outside cell This cell has shrunk because water has moved out of it. This cell has swollen because water has moved into it. even concentration of water inside and outside of cell Osmosis & Di ffusion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4705 www.newpathlearning.com Inside of Cell transport protein carbohydrate Outside of Cell lipid bilayer \|xiBAHBDy01763pzY

Bacteria Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth. They thrive in diverse conditions and places, including our bodies. Bacteria are single celled organisms. They are considered prokaryotes, since their DNA is in the cytoplasm and not within a nucleus. Although some bacteria can cause disease, most bacteria types are beneficial in food and medicine production, recycling of matter and keeping our bodies healthy. Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria have one of three basic shapes: spiral, rod-like or spherical. Paramecium Paramecia are animal-like protists that live in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. Euglena Euglenoids are unicellular algae that live in fresh water and can make their own food in the presence of sunlight. food vacuole nucleus nucleus large nucleus small nucleus cilia cytoplasm cytoplasm eyespot slime mold flagellum chloroplast pseudopod contractile vacuole contractile vacuole contractile vacuole anal pore food vacuole oral groove cell membrane cell membrane DNA ribosomes cell wall cytoplasm spiral spherical rodlike pilli Fungus-like protists, like fungi, are heterotrophs and use spores to reproduce. Protists The protist kingdom is the most diverse. Some protists are unicellular while others are multicellular. The wide variety of characteristics of the numerous protist species makes it difficult to categorize them, but scientists developed a method that places each species into one of three separate categories: animal-like, plant-like (algae) and fungus-like. Some photos courtesy of CDC and USDA. Amoeba Amoebas are animal-like and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. Fungi are eukaryotes (have a cell nucleus) with cell walls, are heterotrophs that obtain food by absorbing nutrients by decomposing organic matter and use spores to reproduce. Fungi cycle nutrients and provide us with antibiotics, while others are used for food such as mushrooms. And select species of fungi have the ability to cause disease in both plants and animals. Classification of fungi Club fungi Fungi in this group include mushrooms, rusts and puffballs. Sac fungi Sac fungi are the largest group of fungi and include yeasts, morels and truffles. Zygote fungi Common fruit and bread molds are examples of Zygote fungi. gills hyphae underground hyphae cap stalk Fungi Microlife – Bacteria, Fungi & Protists © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4704 www.newpathlearning.com flagellum

Bacteria eyespot slime mold chloroplast anal pore oral groove Protists Microlife – Bacteria, Fungi & Protists © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4704 www.newpathlearning.com Classification of fungi Fungi are ________________ (have a cell nucleus) with cell walls, are ________________ that obtain food by absorbing nutrients by decomposing organic matter and use spores to reproduce. Fungi recycle _______________ and provide us with ________________, while others are used for food such as mushrooms. Select species of fungi have the ability to ________________ in both plants and animals. Club fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ Sac fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ Zygote fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ __________________ are the most abundant organisms on Earth. They thrive in diverse conditions and places, including our bodies. ____________________ are single celled organisms. They are considered _________________, since their DNA is in the cytoplasm and not within a ___________________. Although some bacteria can cause disease, most bacteria types are beneficial in ____________________ and ____________________, _______________________ and _______________________. Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria have one of three basic shapes: _____________________, ___________________ or ___________________. ________________ are animal-like and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. ________________ are animal-like protists that live in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. ________________ are unicellular algae that live in fresh water and can make their own food in the presence of sunlight. _________________, like fungi are heterotrophs and use spores to reproduce. The __________________ kingdom is the most diverse. Some protists are __________________ while others __________________. The wide variety of characteristics of the numerous protist species makes it difficult to categorize them, but scientists developed a method that places each species into one of three separate categories: ___________________, ___________________ and __________________. Key Vocabulary Terms • Amoeba • Euglenoids • plasma membrane • animal-like • eukaryotes • pseudopod • antibiotic • flagellum • protist • bacteria • fungus-like • rodlike • cell wall • heterotrophs • Sac fungi • cilia • nucleus • spherical • Club fungi • Paramecium • vacuole • cytoplasm • plant-like • Zygote fungi Fungi \|xiBAHBDy01757ozX

sandstone (sedimentary) gneiss (metamorphic, foliated) quartzite (metamorphic, nonfoliated) granite (igneous) shale (sedimentary) slate (metamorphic, foliated) Foliated metamorphic rock is arranged in layers. Heat & Pr essure erosion compaction cementation Sedimentary Rocks sandstone conglomerate limestone shale coquina Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are rocks that have been placed in layers by weathering or erosion. Over millions of years, these layers are compressed and cemented together. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form when liquid rock cools and hardens. Liquid rock that is under the crust is called magma. When it pours out onto the Earth’s surface, it is then called lava. Igneous rocks are classified by their origin, texture and composition. Intrusive igneous rocks originate from cooling magma, while extrusive rocks are made from cooling lava. Texture is related to how long it takes a rock to cool. Slow- cooling rocks form visible crystals, while fast-cooling rocks have small crystals that are not always visible. Dark igneous rocks, described as mafic, have a different composition than light igneous rocks, described as felsic. Granite is a light-colored intrusive rock with visible crystals. Pumice is a lightweight rock made from frothing lava and gases. It is the only rock that can float on water. Basalt forms much of the ocean’s crust. Obsidian is a dark, glassy igneous rock. There are three categories of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of pieces of other pre-existing rock. These pre-existing rocks are weathered and transported by water and wind and are re-deposited elsewhere. The sediments accumulate and lithify (become solid rock). Chemical sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that formed through chemical precipitation. Under ideal conditions, dissolved lime in ocean water precipitates out of the water and accumulates on the ocean floor which eventually lithifies into limestone. Biochemical or (organic) sedimentary rocks form when the shell remains of organisms collect on the ocean floor and lithify, becoming fossils and a layer of limestone. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed as the result of intense heat and pressure deep in the Earth’s crust. Metamorphic rocks are classified as foliated and nonfoliated. Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and slate have their mineral grains arranged in parallel layers. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite have their mineral grains arranged randomly. Rocks © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4102 www.newpathlearning.com Some photos courtesy of USGS. pumice obsidian granite basalt lava magma

Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks What are sedimentary rocks? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Igneous Rocks How do igneous rocks form? ________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ How are igneous rocks classified? ____________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Dark igneous rocks are referred to as __________________. Light colored igneous rocks are referred to as __________________________. There are three categories of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks _______________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Chemical sedimentary rocks _____________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Biochemical or (organic) sedimentary rocks _______________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Metamorphic Rocks What are metamorphic rocks? _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Metamorphic rocks are classified as ____________________________ and __________________________ __________________________. Foliated metamorphic rocks _________________________________ _________________________________ Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks _________________________________ _________________________________ Heat & Pr essure • biochemical sedimentary rock • chemical sedimentary rock • clastic sedimentary rock • erosion • felsic • foliated metamorphic rock • igneous rock • lava • mafic • magma • metamorphic rock • nonfoliated metamorphic rock • sedimentary rock • weathering Key Vocabulary Terms Rocks © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4102 www.newpathlearning.com Some photos courtesy of USGS. \|xiBAHBDy01793mzV

Identifying Minerals Uses of Minerals Mohs Hardness Scale What Is a Mineral? A mineral, by definition, must meet four criteria. It must be a naturally occurring, solid substance that has an internal crystal structure and is formed by inorganic processes. How Do Minerals Form? Minerals form in a wide variety of geologic environments. Some, like garnet, asbestos, talc and kyanite, form as a result of intense heat and pressure created during metamorphism. Some minerals form from hot-water solutions created when ground water is heated by magma. Dissolved metals and other elements in the hot liquid solution crystallize forming new minerals. Other minerals form from liquid rock (magma) as the magma cools. Yet another group of minerals forms as ocean water evaporates. talc gypsum calcite fluorite apatite feldspar quartz topaz corundum diamond 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Many of the commodities we consume and use every day are mined from rocks and minerals. For example, the element fluorine is used to make fluoride for toothpaste. Copper pipes and wires are made from the copper minerals malachite and cuprite. The steel used to make appliances and cars is a mixture of iron and other metals. Glass windows and drinking glasses are made from quartz sand. Gold is used in computers, cell phones and other electronic equipment. galena (with silver) Crystal System Every mineral forms a specific crystal shape. There are over 3,500 mineral species. All of these species belong to one of seven different crystal systems. The crystal systems are determined by the internal arrangement of the molecules in the mineral. Color Color is sometimes used to help identify a certain mineral. Streak Streak is the color of a mineral when it is crushed to a powder. This is found by rubbing the specimen on a piece of unglazed porcelain. Minerals with hardness greater than 7 do not leave a streak. Luster Luster is a description of how light reflects off of a mineral. Some of the luster descriptions are metallic, glassy (also called vitreous), earthy, adamantine (diamond-like), greasy and dull. Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a measure of the density of a mineral. The density is determined by comparing the mass of the mineral with the mass of an equal amount of water. Hardness A mineral’s hardness is determined by comparing the mineral to the known hardness of the minerals in the Mohs Hardness Scale. Cleavage & Fr acture Cleavage is a description of how a mineral breaks on flat planes. Fracture is a description of how a mineral breaks along curved or irregular surfaces. Special Properties There are also interesting physical properties that are unique to some minerals. For example, hematite always has a deep, blood red streak. Magnetite and lodestone are magnetic. diamond mica Minerals are identified based on their physical properties. gold crystals sulfur amethyst halite tourmaline copper talc a crystal structure (NaCl) magnetite same size - different densities As magma cools, ions in the magma combine to form specific minerals, such as topaz and tourmaline. Halite (rock salt) is the most common mineral formed by the evaporation of salt water. Gold and copper are formed from hot-water solutions. Talc is a mineral that can be found in metamorphic rock. Minerals © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4101 www.newpathlearning.com Some photos courtesy of USGS.

Identifying Minerals Uses of Minerals • cleavage • color • crystal structure • fracture • hardness • luster • magma • Mohs Hardness Scale • specific gravity • streak Key Vocabulary Terms What Is a Mineral? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ How Do Minerals Form? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Mohs Hardness Scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Crystal System ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Color _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Streak ____________________ ____________________ __________________________________ Luster _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Specific Gravity ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Hardness _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Cleavage & Fr acture _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Special Properties ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Minerals are identified based on their physical properties. gold crystals magnetite same size - different densities galena (with silver) diamond mica sulfur Minerals © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4101 www.newpathlearning.com Some photos courtesy of USGS. \|xiBAHBDy01790lz[

Eurasian Plate North American Plate Eurasian Plate Arabian Plate African Plate South American Plate Pacific Plate Indian Plate Australian Plate Antarctic Plate Nazca Plate Cocos Plate Earth’s Crust Earth’s outermost layer is the crust. There are two different types of crust. Basaltic oceanic crust pours out from the mantle and is found under the oceans. It is the denser of the two types of crust, but it is also the thinner of the two. The second type of crust is continental crust. The crust moves over the Earth’s surface in large pieces called tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are constructed in layers with crust on the top and a piece of the solid upper mantle below. Geologists call this combination of crust and upper mantle the lithosphere. Tectonic Plate Boundaries The three types of plate boundaries - convergent , divergent and transform – are found at the edge of the lithospheric plates and are characterized by their distinct motions. A divergent boundary, or spreading center At this boundary, two plates move away from one another. As the two plates move apart, mid-ocean ridges are created as magma from the mantle rises through a crack in the oceanic crust and cools. New oceanic crust is formed on both sides of the creack in the ocean floor. A convergent boundary or subduction zone At this boundary the plates converge or push into one another. The type of convergence that takes place between plates depends on the kind of lithosphere involved. Convergence can occur between an oceanic and a continental plate, or between two oceanic plates, or between two continental plates. A conservative or transform boundary This boundary is called conservative because plate material is neither created nor destroyed at these boundaries, but rather plates slide past each other horizontally. An example of a transform plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault in southern California. Tectonic Plates According to the theory of plate tectonics, scientists believe that the Earth's surface is broken into a number of shifting slabs or plates. These plates are in constant motion traveling a few centimeters per year. The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building. Major Tectonic Plates 1. Pacific plate 2. North American plate 3. Cocos plate 4. Nazca plate 5. South American plate 6. African plate 7. Eurasian plate 8. Indian plate 9. Australian plate 10. Antarctic plate volcanoes Continental crust Oceanic crust rift valley magma Lithosphere Convergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Divergent boundary Divergent boundary Lithosphere trench trench mid-ocean ridge Su bd uc tio n zo ne 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7. 8. 9. 10 . Plate Tectonics © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4105 www.newpathlearning.com Subduction Zone Tr enc h Volcanic ar c Continental crust

Tr enc h Volcanic ar c volcanoes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7. 8. 9. 10 . Tectonic Plate Boundaries There are three types of plate boundaries. 1. _________________________________ Describe: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 2. _________________________________ Describe: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Earth’s Crust Earth’s outermost layer is the _________________________. There are two different types of crust. ____________________________ pours out from the mantle and is found under the oceans. It is the denser of the two types of crust, but it is also the thinner of the two. The second type of crust is __________________________. The crust moves over the Earth’s surface in large pieces called ____________________________. Tectonic plates are constructed in layers with crust on the top and a piece of the solid upper mantle below. Geologists call this combination of crust and upper mantle the _____________________________. Tectonic Plates Describe the theory of plate tectonics: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Major Tectonic Plates 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _____________________ 4. _____________________ 5. _____________________ 6. _____________________ 7. _____________________ 8. _____________________ 9. _____________________ 10. _____________________ Continental crust Oceanic crust rift valley magma Lithosphere Lithosphere trench trench mid-ocean ridge Su bd uc tio n zo ne 3. _________________________________ Describe: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms • basaltic oceanic crust • conservative • continental crust • continental plate • convergent • divergent • Earth’s crust • lithosphere • oceanic plate • spreading center • subduction zone • tectonic plates • theory of plate tectonics • transform \|xiBAHBDy01792pzY Plate Tectonics © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4105 www.newpathlearning.com

H H 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Ununnilium 111 Unununium 112 Ununbium Uub 114 Ununquaternium Uuq Uuu Uun Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine column Lanthanids period solid liquid gas unknown metal metalloid nonmetal unknown Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Thorium Pa 91 Protactinium Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Uranium Np 93 Neptunium Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Plutonium Am 95 Americium Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Curium Bk 97 Berkelium Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Californium Es 99 Einsteinium Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Fermium Md 101 Mendelevium Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Nobelium Lr 103 Lawrencium Actinids Chemical Symbol Background © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4804 www.newpathlearning.com Elements & the Periodic Table O 8 Oxygen Element name Chemical Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass 16 Periodic Table of the Elements What are elements? Elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Each element is made up of one type of atom which determines its properties. Each element is represented by a chemical symbol. The Periodic Table groups elements in an organized fashion. Each element has its own unique symbol. Elements in each column have similar chemical properties. Elements in each row are arranged according to the number of protons. The number of protons (atomic number) increases from left to right in each row. Group 1: Alkali Metals These metals are very reactive which are only found in compounds. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals These metals are fairly reactive, conduct electricity and are only found in compounds. Magnesium and calcium are the two most common elements in this group. Group 3-12: Transition Metals These metals are less reactive than metals in Group 1 and 2. They are hard, shiny and good conductors of electricity. Elements such as zinc, cadmium and others in this group are used to make colorful paint compounds. The atomic mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the atomic number of that atom. A period is a horizontal row of elements A column of elements is known as a group or family. Hydrogen Hydrogen is set apart from the rest of the elements because of its unique properties. It is the most abundant element in our universe. Group 13: Boron Group Aluminum is the most common element is this group. Group 14: Carbon Family Carbon makes up compounds such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates necessary for all life on Earth. Group 15: Nitrogen Family Nitrogen makes up about 80% of the air in our atmosphere. Group 16: Oxygen Family Oxygen makes up about 20% of the air in our atmosphere. It is necessary for most living things on Earth. Oxygen is also necessary for combustion of any substance. Group 17: Halogens Halogens are very reactive nonmetals which are only found in compounds. Group 18: Noble Gases Noble gases are unreactive nonmetals which are colorless and odorless at room temperature. Some of these gases are used to make “neon” lights. Ea rth ’s Atmosphe re

O 8 Oxygen 16 H H 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Ununnilium 111 Unununium 112 Ununbium Uub 114 Ununquaternium Uuq Uuu Uun Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine Lanthanids solid liquid gas unknown metal metalloid nonmetal unknown Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Thorium Pa 91 Protactinium Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Uranium Np 93 Neptunium Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Plutonium Am 95 Americium Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Curium Bk 97 Berkelium Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Californium Es 99 Einsteinium Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Fermium Md 101 Mendelevium Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Nobelium Lr 103 Lawrencium Actinids Chemical Symbol Background \|xiBAHBDy01802lz[ © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4804 www.newpathlearning.com Elements & the Periodic Table Periodic Table of the Elements What are elements? ____________________ are the basic building blocks of matter. Each element is made up of one type of _____________________ which determines its properties. Each element is represented by a _____________________ _____________________ . The _____________________ _____________________ groups elements in an organized fashion. Each element has its own unique _____________________. Elements in each _____________________ have similar chemical properties. Elements in each _____________________ are arranged according to the number of protons. The number of protons (atomic number) _____________________ from left to right in each row. Group 1: Alkali Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Group 3-12: Transition Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Hydrogen __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Group 13: Boron Group ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 14: Carbon Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 15: Nitrogen Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 16: Oxygen Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 17: Halogens ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 18: Noble Gases ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms • atomic mass • atomic number • chemical symbol • element • group • matter • neutron • period • proton The atomic mass number is the sum of the ____________________ and ____________________ in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the ____________________ ____________________ of that atom. A ____________________ is a horizontal row of elements A column of elements is known as a ____________________ or ____________________ .

© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4805 www.newpathlearning.com + + + + + C + O2 ➞ CO2 2H2 + O2 ➞ 2H2O 2H2O ➞ 2H2 + O2 Zn + 2HCl ➞ ZnCl2 + H2 NaCl + AgF ➞ NaF + AgCl H2O C6H12O6 Potassium chloride added to a silver nitrate solution forms a solid precipitate. Chemical Reactions Signs of Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances change to produce one or more new ones. Chemical reactions happen all around us – lighting a match, rusting of an iron bar, or the tarnishing of a silver spoon. Chemical Formulas A chemical formula uses symbols to identify the elements in a compound and the number of atoms of each kind present in a molecule. A water molecule is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen bonded to 1 atom of oxygen. A glucose molecule is made up of 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen. Chemical Equations A chemical equation uses chemical formulas and symbols to describe a chemical reaction. The starting materials in a chemical reaction are reactants. The resulting substances from a reaction are products. The reactants are always placed on the left of the arrow, and the products on the right of the arrow. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a compound. For example, hydrogen gas combines with oxygen gas to produce water! Decomposition Reaction In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into its simpler parts. A decomposition reaction is the reverse of synthesis reaction. For example, water decomposes to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Replacement Reaction Single Replacement In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound. The products of such a reaction are a new compound and a different element. For example, zinc replaces the hydrogen in hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. Double Replacement In a double replacement reaction, ions from two compounds switch places to form two new compounds. For example, silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride to form two new compounds - silver chloride and sodium fluoride. water color change gas formation solid formation glucose reactants reactant + reactant ➞ product reactant ➞ product + product reactant + reactant ➞ product + product reactant + reactant ➞ product + product product A gas is formed when copper is added to nitric acid. These simple shapes combine to form a new object. The fish shape breaks down into simpler forms. NaOH, added to Phenol- phthalein solution causes a color change. NaOH

© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4805 www.newpathlearning.com + + + + + Zn + 2HCl ➞ ZnCl2 + H2 H2O C6H12O6 NaCl + AgF ➞ NaF + AgCl 2H2O ➞ 2H2 + O2 reactant ➞ product + product reactant + reactant ➞ product + product reactant + reactant ➞ product + product 2H2 + O2 ➞ 2H2O reactant + reactant ➞ product Chemical Reactions Signs of Chemical Reactions What is a chemical reaction? ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Chemical Formulas A chemical formula uses ____________________ to identify the ____________________ in a compound and the ______________________________ of each kind present in a molecule. A water molecule is made up of _______ atoms of ____________________ bonded to _______ atom of ____________________ . A glucose molecule is made up of _______ atoms of ___________________ , _______ atoms of ___________________ , and _______ atoms of ____________________ . Chemical Equations A chemical equation uses ____________________ ____________________ and ____________________ to describe a chemical reaction. The starting materials in a chemical reaction are ____________________ . The resulting substances from a reaction are ____________________ . The ____________________ are always placed on the left of the arrow, and the ____________________ on the right of the arrow. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Describe a synthesis reaction: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Decomposition Reactions Describe a decomposition reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Replacement Reactions Single Replacement Describe a single replacement reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Double Replacement Describe a double replacement reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ water glucose These simple shapes combine to form a new object. The fish shape breaks down into simpler forms. C + O2 ➞ CO2 Key Vocabulary Terms • atom • chemical equation • chemical formula • chemical reaction • compound • decomposition reaction • double replacement reaction • element • product • reactant • single replacement reaction • synthesis reaction Synthesis Reaction Decomposition Reaction Replacement Reaction \|xiBAHBDy01799ozX

Isotopes of Carbon Electron Dot Diagram H C O H H O H H O Na Cl Na+ Cl Carbon-12 6 neutrons Carbon-13 7 neutrons Carbon-14 8 neutrons Sodium atom Hydrogen atom Oxygen atom Water molecule Chlorine atom Ionic compound - sodium chloride (salt) Cl- Na+ Crystal structure of salt (NaCl) Proton Neutron covalent bonds nucleus Carbon atom cloud of electrons The Atom Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that make up everything around us. A pencil, the air, even your body is made up of atoms! There are 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms. Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more. An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. Particles of an Atom The modern atomic model, suggests that an atom has two particles in the nucleus, a proton which carries a positive charge and a neutron or neutrally charged particle. Surrounding the nucleus is an electron cloud with electrons which carry a negative charge, moving in various directions. The atomic mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the atomic number of that atom. How Do Atoms Differ? Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. Such atoms with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, the three isotopes of Carbon have the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) and electrons but they differ in their number of neutrons and thus have a different atomic mass. Valence Electrons & Bonding Electrons surrounding the nucleus are organized in energy levels. An electron that is in the outermost energy level of an atom is a valence electron. A valence electron determines an atom’s chemical properties and whether an atom will form bonds. A bond is the force that joins two atoms together forming a new substance. Ionic Bonds An ionic bond is formed when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. An atom’s valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the symbol of an element. O H H transfer of electron Particle Proton Neutron Electron p+ n e- 1+ 0 1- 1 1 1 1,836 Symbol Charge Particles in an Atom Relative Mass (amu) Model C 6 Carbon Element name Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass 12 © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4803 www.newpathlearning.com Properties of Atoms

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 H H O H H O Water molecule Na Cl Na+ Cl Ionic compound - sodium chloride (salt) Isotopes of Carbon \|xiBAHBDy01805mzV The Atom What are atoms? ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Particles of an Atom The modern atomic model, suggests that an atom has two particles in the ____________________, a ____________________ which carries a positive charge and a ____________________or neutrally charged particle. Surrounding the nucleus is an electron cloud with ____________________ which carry a ____________________ charge, moving in various directions. The ________________________________________ is the sum of the ____________________and ____________________in the nucleus of an atom. ____________________________________ is the ___________________________ of that atom. How Do Atoms Differ? What are isotopes? ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Valence Electrons and Bonding Electrons surrounding the nucleus are organized in ____________________ ____________________ . An electron that is in the outermost energy level of an atom is a ____________________ ____________________ . A valence electron determines an atom’s ____________________ ____________________ and whether an atom will form ____________________ . A ____________________ is the force that joins two atoms together forming a new substance. Ionic Bonds How do ionic bonds form? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Covalent Bonds How do covalent bonds form? ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Electron Dot Diagram H C O An atom’s valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the symbol of an element. O H H C 6 Carbon 12 Key Vocabulary Terms • atom • atomic mass • atomic model • atomic number • charge • chemical bond • covalent bond • electron • electron cloud • element • energy level • ionic bond • isotope • negative charge • neutron • nucleus • particle • positive charge • proton • valence electron Carbon atom Number of neutrons Number of neutrons Number of neutrons © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4803 www.newpathlearning.com Properties of Atoms

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