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Rocks & Minerals

Science, Grade 4

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Magma Erosion Weathering Transportation (Deposition) Heat & Pr essure (Metamorphism) Uplift Compaction (Cementation) SEDIMENTARY ROCK Heat & Pr essure (Metamorphism) IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK Cooling (Crystalization) Talc Feldspar 16 Gypsum Quartz 27 Topaz Calcite 38 Corundum Fluorite 49 Apatite Diamond 510 fingernail (2.5) penny (3.5) steel nail (4.5) glass (5.5) Mohs’ Hardness Scale Identifying Minerals Rocks & Minerals streak plate sandstone This rock shows layers of sediment. gneiss Heat and pressure caused the rough layers seen in this rock. pumice Created by lava and ash erupting from a volcano. Mineral Variety gold ore fluorite calcite magnetite Sedimentary rocks Erosion is the process of bits of rocks, sand, soil, and dead matter being moved by wind, water, and gravity. Eroded materials eventually settle on land or at the bottom of a body of water and become sediment. As layers of sediment pile up, the weight and pressure from the top layers cause the sediment on the bottom layers to harden, forming sedimentary rock. Igneous rocks Igneous rocks form from molten rock called magma found beneath the Earth’s surface. When magma reaches Earth’s surface and comes out during a volcanic eruption, magma is then called lava. Once on the Earth’s surface, lava will cool quickly forming igneous rocks. Magma may also cool and crystalize underground, near the Earth’s surface. Metamorphic rocks The weight of rocks pressing down on other rocks causes heat and pressure below the Earth’s surface forming metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can form from sedimentary, igneous, and other metamorphic rocks. Rocks are made up of many tiny pieces of minerals. Minerals are natural, nonliving crystals that make up rocks. They come in many sizes, shapes, and colors which is how scientists tell them apart. Minerals can be identiﬁ ed by their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, and streak color. Luster refers to the way surface of mineral reﬂ ects light. The hardness of a mineral refers to how easily it can be scratched. Streak color is a physical property of minerals, which refers to the color streak a mineral leaves when scratched against a surface. streak Diamonds are the hardest of all minerals. They are also very reﬂ ective. Hematite has a red brown streak. hematite quartz halite The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is the recycling of old rocks into new rocks. It is an ongoing cycle. The rock cycle is caused by heat, pressure, chemical reactions, weathering, and erosion. During the rock cycle, all three type(s) of rocks can change from one type of rock into another. It can take millions of years for rocks to move through this cycle. Physical Properties streak color hardness luster gold yellow white white black red brown white white metallic vitreous vitreous metallic metallic to dull vitreous vitreous 2.5 – 3 4 2 – 3 5.5 – 6.5 5 – 6 7 2 – 2.5 © C opyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4406 www.newpathlearning.com

Magma Erosion Weathering Transportation (Deposition) Heat & Pr essure (Metamorphism) Uplift Compaction (Cementation) SEDIMENTARY ROCK Heat & Pr essure (Metamorphism) IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK Cooling (Crystalization) Rocks & Mine rals © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4406 www.newpathlearning.com Sedimentary rocks How are sedimentary rocks formed? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Igneous rocks How are igneous rocks formed? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Metamorphic rocks How are metamorphic rocks formed? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ What are rocks made up of? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ What are minerals? ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ How are minerals identiﬁ ed? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ The Rock Cycle Describe the rock cycle. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms • color • luster • rocks • erosion • magma • sediment • hardness • metamorphic • sedimentary • heat & pr essure • minerals • streak color • igneous • recycling • weathering • lava • rock cycle Mineral Variety gold ore fluorite calcite magnetite hematite quartz halite Physical Properties streak color hardness luster gold yellow white white black red brown white white metallic vitreous vitreous metallic metallic to dull vitreous vitreous 2.5 – 3 4 2 – 3 5.5 – 6.5 5 – 6 7 2 – 2.5 sandstone This rock shows layers of sediment. gneiss Heat and pressure caused the rough layers seen in this rock. pumice Created by lava and ash erupting from a volcano. \|xiBAHBDy01715ozX

Rocks & Minerals

Science, Grade 4

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