Science: Physical Science

Physical Science - Middle School

1
/
22
Copyright © NewPath Learning. All rights reserved. www.newpathlearning.com Charts Charts PHYSICALSCIENCE PHYSICALSCIENCE 34-6009 \|xiBAHBDy01223ozX Sturdy, Free-Standing Design, Perfect for Learning Centers! Reverse Side Features Questions, Labeling Exercises, Vocabulary Review & more!
Phone: 800-507-0966 Fax: 800-507-0967 www.newpathlearning.com NewPath Learning® products are developed by teachers using research-based principles and are classroom tested. The company’s product line consists of an array of proprietary curriculum review games, workbooks, posters and other print materials. All products are supplemented with web-based activities, assessments and content to provide an engaging means of educating students on key, curriculum-based topics correlated to applicable state and national education standards. Copyright © 2009 NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Curriculum Mastery® and NewPath Learning® are registered trademarks of NewPath Learning LLC. Science Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts provide comprehensive coverage of key standards-based curriculum in an illustrated format that is visually appealing, engaging and easy to use. Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts can be used with the entire classroom, with small groups or by students working independently. Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart Set features 10 double-sided laminated charts covering grade-level specific curriculum content on one side plus write-on/wipe-off charts on reverse side for student use or for small-group instruction. Built-in sturdy free-standing easel for easy display Spiral bound for ease of use Activity Guide with black-line masters of the charts for students to fill-in, key vocabulary terms, corresponding quiz questions for each chart, along with answers Ideal for Learning centers In class instruction for interactive presentations and demonstrations Hands-on student use Stand alone reference for review of key science concepts Teaching resource to supplement any program HOW TO USE Classroom Use Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart can be used to graphically introduce or review a topic of interest. Side 1 of each Flip Chart provides graphical representation of key concepts in a concise, grade appropriate reading level for instructing students. The reverse Side 2 of each Flip Chart allows teachers or students to fill in the call-outs of key structures and summarize key concepts. Note: Be sure to use an appropriate dry-erase marker and to test it on a small section of the chart prior to using it. The Activity Guide included provides a black-line master of each Flip Chart which students can use to fill in before, during, or after instruction. On the reverse side of each black-line master are questions corresponding to each Flip Chart topic which can be used as further review or as a means of assessment. While the activities in the guide can be used in conjunction with the Flip Charts, they can also be used individually for review or as a form of assessment or in conjunction with any other related assignment. Learning Centers Each Flip Chart provides students with a quick illustrated view of grade-appropriate curriculum concepts. Students may use these Flip Charts in small group settings along with the corresponding activity pages contained in the guide to learn or review concepts already covered in class. Students may also use these charts as reference while playing the NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Independent student use Students can use the hands-on Flip Charts to practice and learn independently by first studying Side 1 of the chart and then using Side 2 of the chart or the corresponding graphical activities contained in the guide to fill in the answers and assess their understanding. Reference/Teaching resource Curriculum Mastery® Charts are a great visual supplement to any curriculum or they can be used in conjunction with NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Chart # 1: Chart # 2: Chart # 3: Chart # 4: Chart # 5: Chart # 6: Chart # 7: Chart # 8: Chart # 9: Chart #10: Work & Machines Forces & Motion Properties of Atoms Elements & the Periodic Table Chemical Reactions Acids, Bases & Salts Electricity Magnetism Sound Light
increases force increases force decreases force force force motion motion decreases distance decreases distance increases distance Work is the exertion of force on an object that causes the object to move in the same direction in which the force is applied. If the object does not move as a result of the force applied, no work is done. How Much Work? Work = Force x Distance Newton (N) is the unit of measure for force, and meter (m) is the basic unit for distance. Work is expressed in (N m) or the joule (J). Calculating Power Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred. To determine the amount of power (P), you divide the amount of work (W) done by the amount of time (t) it takes to do the work. Calculating Work To determine the amount of work, you multiply force times distance. The unit of measure for power is expressed in joules per second (J/s) also known as the Watt (W). Work (W) Time (t) Machines 1. A nutcracker increases the force but decreases the distance over which the force is applied. 2. A hammer decreases the force but increases the distance. 4. A simple pulley changes the direction of the input force, but the amount of input and output force remain the same. 3. A screwdriver used as a lever, increases the force and decreases the distance. lever inclined plane compound machine pulley gears wheel & axle wheel & axle Types of Machines changes direction of force - output remains the same Work is being done. No work is done. 1. 2. 3. 4. increases force increases force decreases force decreases distance decreases distance increases distance Machines Simple machines are devices designed to make work easier by changing the amount of force you exert, the direction of the force or the distance over which you exert the force. 1. A nutcracker increases the force but decreases the distance over which the force is applied. 2. A hammer decreases the force but increases the distance. 3. A simple pulley changes the direction of the input force, but the amount of input and output force remain the same. 4. A screwdriver used as a lever, increases the force and decreases the distance. changes direction of force - output remains the same 1. 2. 3. 4. 120 N 1 m 2 m Work = 120 N x 1 m = 120 N•m Work = 120 N x 2 m = 240 N•m Increasing the distance the weights are lifted also increases the amount of work done. Meaning of Work Power (P) = Simple machines are devices designed to make work easier by changing the amount of force you exert, the direction of the force or the distance over which you exert the force. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4801 www.newpathlearning.com Work & Machines
Work (W) Time (t) Power (P) = force motion Meaning of Work What is work? _________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ How Much Work? Work = __________ x __________ ________________ is the unit of measure for force, and ________________ is the basic unit for distance. Work is expressed in ________________ or the ________________ . Calculating Power What is power? _______________________________ _____________________________________________ To determine the amount of power (P), you divide the amount of ________________ done by the amount of ________________ takes to do the work. Calculating Work To determine the amount of work, you multiply ________________ times ________________ . The unit of measure for power is expressed in ________________ also known as the ________________. Machines What are simple machines? _________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 1. A nutcracker ________________ the ________________ but ________________ the ________________ over which the force is applied. 2. A hammer ________________ the ________________ but ________________ the ________________ . 3. A screwdriver used as a ________________ , ________________ the ________________ and ________________ the ________________ . 4. A simple pulley ________________ the ________________ of the ________________ ________________ , but the amount of ________________ and ________________ ________________ remain the ________________ . Types of Machines Work is being done. 1. 2. 3. 4. 120 N 1 m 2 m Increasing the distance the weights are lifted also increases the amount of work done. Key Vocabulary Terms force power joule (j) simple machine meter (m) Watt (w) Newton (N) work © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4801 www.newpathlearning.com Work & Mach ines \|xiBAHBDy01808nzW
US A Gravity & Motion Gravity is a type of force that pulls objects toward each other and toward the Earth. The amount of gravitational force depends upon the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The acceleration of an object near the surface of the Earth due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. If both the acorn and leaf fall from the tree at the same time, air resistance will slow down the leaf and the acorn will hit the ground first. In a vacuum, both will reach the ground at the same time. Newton’s Law of Gravitation All objects in the universe apply a gravitational force (force of attraction) on other objects. The strength of the gravitational force is dependent upon the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The larger the mass of the objects, the larger the force is between the two objects. The farther away the two objects are, the weaker the gravitational force is between them. larger mass larger force similar size similar force larger distance weaker force gravity vacuum air resistance gravity Momentum acceleration acceleration acceleration acceleration What Is Force? Scientists define force as a push or a pull. A force is described by its strength and direction in which it exerts. A force provides an object with the energy to move, stop moving, or change direction. Newton (N) is the standard unit of measure for force. Newton’s Laws of Motion The scientist we usually think of when we talk about gravity and falling objects is Isaac Newton. Newton is credited with the development of three laws dealing with the movement of objects. Newton’s First Law of Motion An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless a force acts on it. When the same force is applied to both carts, the acceleration of the empty cart will be greater than the acceleration of the loaded cart. Newton’s Third Law of Motion For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The amount of motion that takes place is momentum. To calculate momentum you multiply the mass of an object by its velocity. The momentum and velocity of an object are always in the same direction. When groups of objects are involved, if there is no outside force, the total momentum of the group does not change. For example, in a collision between two cars, momentum may be transferred from one car to the other but not lost. This is referred to as the Law of Conservation of Momentum. Newton’s Second Law of Motion Acceleration is produced when a force acts on an object. Acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the amount of force applied. The relationship of acceleration (a) to mass (m) and force (F) can be expressed in mathematical terms as follows: M x V = Momentum object at rest object in motion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4802 www.newpathlearning.com Forces & Motion
Key Vocabulary Terms acceleration force gravitational force gravity mass momentum motion Newton (N) speed velocity \|xiBAHBDy01803sz\ When the same force is applied to both carts, the acceleration of the empty cart will be greater than the acceleration of the loaded cart. acceleration acceleration acceleration acceleration USA What Is Force? _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Gravity & Motion Define gravity: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ The acceleration of an object near the surface of the Earth due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. If both the acorn and leaf fall from the tree at the same time, air resistance will slow down the leaf and the acorn will hit the ground first. In a vacuum, both will reach the ground at the same time Newton’s Laws of Motion Who is Isaac Newton? _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Newton’s First Law of Motion __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ a = or F = x Newton’s Law of Gravitation ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Newton’s Third Law of Motion __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ________________________ Momentum The amount of motion that takes place is ____________________. To calculate momentum you multiply the ______________ of an object by its _________________. The momentum and velocity of an object are always in the same direction. When groups of objects are involved, if there is no outside force, the total momentum of the group does not change. For example, in a collision between two cars, momentum may be transferred from one car to the other but not lost. This is referred to as the ___________________________________. Newton’s Second Law of Motion __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ The relationship of acceleration (a) to mass (m) and force (F) can be expressed in mathematical terms as follows: x = Momentum ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ object at rest object in motion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4802 www.newpathlearning.com Forces & Motion gravity vacuum air resistance gravity
Isotopes of Carbon Electron Dot Diagram H C O H H O H H O Na Cl Na+ Cl Carbon-12 6 neutrons Carbon-13 7 neutrons Carbon-14 8 neutrons Sodium atom Hydrogen atom Oxygen atom Water molecule Chlorine atom Ionic compound - sodium chloride (salt) Cl- Na+ Crystal structure of salt (NaCl) Proton Neutron covalent bonds nucleus Carbon atom cloud of electrons The Atom Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that make up everything around us. A pencil, the air, even your body is made up of atoms! There are 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms. Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more. An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. Particles of an Atom The modern atomic model, suggests that an atom has two particles in the nucleus, a proton which carries a positive charge and a neutron or neutrally charged particle. Surrounding the nucleus is an electron cloud with electrons which carry a negative charge, moving in various directions. The atomic mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the atomic number of that atom. How Do Atoms Differ? Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. Such atoms with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, the three isotopes of Carbon have the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) and electrons but they differ in their number of neutrons and thus have a different atomic mass. Valence Electrons & Bonding Electrons surrounding the nucleus are organized in energy levels. An electron that is in the outermost energy level of an atom is a valence electron. A valence electron determines an atom’s chemical properties and whether an atom will form bonds. A bond is the force that joins two atoms together forming a new substance. Ionic Bonds An ionic bond is formed when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. An atom’s valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the symbol of an element. O H H transfer of electron Particle Proton Neutron Electron p+ n e- 1+ 0 1- 1 1 1 1,836 Symbol Charge Particles in an Atom Relative Mass (amu) Model C 6 Carbon Element name Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass 12 © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4803 www.newpathlearning.com Properties of Atoms
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 H H O H H O Water molecule Na Cl Na+ Cl Ionic compound - sodium chloride (salt) Isotopes of Carbon \|xiBAHBDy01805mzV The Atom What are atoms? ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Particles of an Atom The modern atomic model, suggests that an atom has two particles in the ____________________, a ____________________ which carries a positive charge and a ____________________or neutrally charged particle. Surrounding the nucleus is an electron cloud with ____________________ which carry a ____________________ charge, moving in various directions. The ________________________________________ is the sum of the ____________________and ____________________in the nucleus of an atom. ____________________________________ is the ___________________________ of that atom. How Do Atoms Differ? What are isotopes? ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Valence Electrons and Bonding Electrons surrounding the nucleus are organized in ____________________ ____________________ . An electron that is in the outermost energy level of an atom is a ____________________ ____________________ . A valence electron determines an atom’s ____________________ ____________________ and whether an atom will form ____________________ . A ____________________ is the force that joins two atoms together forming a new substance. Ionic Bonds How do ionic bonds form? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Covalent Bonds How do covalent bonds form? ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Electron Dot Diagram H C O An atom’s valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the symbol of an element. O H H C 6 Carbon 12 Key Vocabulary Terms atom atomic mass atomic model atomic number charge chemical bond covalent bond electron electron cloud element energy level ionic bond isotope negative charge neutron nucleus particle positive charge proton valence electron Carbon atom Number of neutrons Number of neutrons Number of neutrons © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4803 www.newpathlearning.com Properties of Atoms
H H 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Ununnilium 111 Unununium 112 Ununbium Uub 114 Ununquaternium Uuq Uuu Uun Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine column Lanthanids solid liquid gas unknown metal metalloid nonmetal Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Thorium Pa 91 Protactinium Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Uranium Np 93 Neptunium Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Plutonium Am 95 Americium Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Curium Bk 97 Berkelium Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Californium Es 99 Einsteinium Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Fermium Md 101 Mendelevium Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Nobelium Lr 103 Lawrencium Actinids Chemical Symbol Background H 1 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Darmstadtium 111 Roentgenium 112 Copernicium Cn 114 Flerovium Fl 116 Livermorium Lv Rg Ds Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Pa 91 Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Np 93 Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Am 95 Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Bk 97 Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Es 99 Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Md 101 Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Lr 103 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4804 www.newpathlearning.com Elements & the Periodic Table O 8 Oxygen Element name Chemical Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass 16 Periodic Table of the Elements What are elements? Elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Each element is made up of one type of atom which determines its properties. Each element is represented by a chemical symbol. The Periodic Table groups elements in an organized fashion. Each element has its own unique symbol. Elements in each column have similar chemical properties. Elements in each row are arranged according to the number of protons. The number of protons (atomic number) increases from left to right in each row. Group 1: Alkali Metals These metals are very reactive which are only found in compounds. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals These metals are fairly reactive, conduct electricity and are only found in compounds. Magnesium and calcium are the two most common elements in this group. Group 3-12: Transition Metals These metals are less reactive than metals in Group 1 and 2. They are hard, shiny and good conductors of electricity. Elements such as zinc, cadmium and others in this group are used to make colorful paint compounds. The atomic mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the atomic number of that atom. A period is a horizontal row of elements A column of elements is known as a group or family. Hydrogen Hydrogen is set apart from the rest of the elements because of its unique properties. It is the most abundant element in our universe. Group 13: Boron Group Aluminum is the most common element is this group. Group 14: Carbon Family Carbon makes up compounds such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates necessary for all life on Earth. Group 15: Nitrogen Family Nitrogen makes up about 80% of the air in our atmosphere. Group 16: Oxygen Family Oxygen makes up about 20% of the air in our atmosphere. It is necessary for most living things on Earth. Oxygen is also necessary for combustion of any substance. Group 17: Halogens Halogens are very reactive nonmetals which are only found in compounds. Group 18: Noble Gases Noble gases are unreactive nonmetals which are colorless and odorless at room temperature. Some of these gases are used to make “neon” lights. Ea rth ’s Atmosphe re period
O 8 Oxygen 16 \|xiBAHBDy01802lz[ H H 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Ununnilium 111 Unununium 112 Ununbium Uub 114 Ununquaternium Uuq Uuu Uun Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine Lanthanids solid liquid gas unknown metal metalloid nonmetal Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Thorium Pa 91 Protactinium Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Uranium Np 93 Neptunium Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Plutonium Am 95 Americium Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Curium Bk 97 Berkelium Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Californium Es 99 Einsteinium Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Fermium Md 101 Mendelevium Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Nobelium Lr 103 Actinids Chemical Symbol Background H 1 Hydrogen He 2 Helium Ne 10 Neon Ar 18 Argon Kr 36 Krypton Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon Br Hg 35 Bromine Cl 17 Chlorine F 9 Fluorine O 8 Oxygen N 7 Nitrogen C 6 Carbon B 5 Boron Li 3 Lithium Na 11 Sodium K 19 Potassium Ca 20 Calcium Rb 37 Rubidium Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium Ra 88 Radium Ac 89 Actinium Rf 104 Rutherfordium Db 105 Dubnium Sg 106 Seaborgium Bh 107 Bohrium Hs 108 Hassium Mt 109 Meitnerium 110 Darmstadtium 111 Roentgenium 112 Copernicium Cn 114 Flerovium Fl 116 Livermorium Lv Rg Ds Ba 56 Barium La 57 Lanthanum Hf 72 Hafnium Ta 73 Tantalum W 74 Tungstun Re 75 Rhenium Os 76 Osmium Ir 77 Iridium Pt 78 Platinum Au 79 Gold 80 Mercury Tl 81 Thallium Pb 82 Lead Bi 83 84 Bismuth Po Polonium Sr 38 Strontium Y 39 Yttrium Zr 40 Zirconium Nb 41 Niobium Mo 42 Molybdenum Tc 43 Technetium Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Palladium Ag 47 Silver Cd 48 Cadmium In 49 Indium Sn 50 Tin Sc 21 Scandium Ti 22 Titanium V 23 Vanadium Cr 24 Chromium Mn 25 Manganese Fe 26 Iron Co 27 Cobalt Ni 28 Nickel Cu 29 Copper Zn 30 Zinc Ga 31 Gallium Al 13 Aluminum Mg 12 Magnesium Be 4 Berylium Si 14 Silicon P 15 Phosphorus S 16 Sulfur Se 34 Selenium As 33 Arsenic Ge 32 Germanium Sb 51 Antimony Te 52 Tellurium I 53 Iodine At 85 Astatine Ce 58 Cerium Th 90 Pa 91 Pr 59 Praseodymium Nd 60 Neodymium U 92 Np 93 Pm 61 Promethium Sm 62 Samarium Pu 94 Am 95 Eu 63 Europium Gd 64 Gadolinium Cm 96 Bk 97 Tb 65 Terbium Dy 66 Dysprosium Cf 98 Es 99 Ho 67 Holmium Er 68 Erbium Fm 100 Md 101 Tm 69 Thulium Yb 70 Ytterbium Lu 71 Lutetium No 102 Lr 103 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4804 www.newpathlearning.com Elements & the Periodic Table Periodic Table of the Elements What are elements? ____________________ are the basic building blocks of matter. Each element is made up of one type of _____________________ which determines its properties. Each element is represented by a _____________________ _____________________ . The _____________________ _____________________ groups elements in an organized fashion. Each element has its own unique _____________________. Elements in each _____________________ have similar chemical properties. Elements in each _____________________ are arranged according to the number of protons. The number of protons (atomic number) _____________________ from left to right in each row. Group 1: Alkali Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Group 3-12: Transition Metals _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Hydrogen __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Group 13: Boron Group ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 14: Carbon Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 15: Nitrogen Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 16: Oxygen Family ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 17: Halogens ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Group 18: Noble Gases ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms atomic mass atomic number chemical symbol element group matter neutron period proton The atomic mass number is the sum of the ____________________ and ____________________ in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is the ____________________ ____________________ of that atom. A ____________________ is a horizontal row of elements A column of elements is known as a ____________________ or ____________________ .
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4805 www.newpathlearning.com + + + + + C + O2 CO2 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2H2O 2H2 + O2 Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 NaCl + AgF NaF + AgCl H2O C6H12O6 Potassium chloride added to a silver nitrate solution forms a solid precipitate. Chemical Reactions Signs of Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances change to produce one or more new ones. Chemical reactions happen all around us lighting a match, rusting of an iron bar, or the tarnishing of a silver spoon. Chemical Formulas A chemical formula uses symbols to identify the elements in a compound and the number of atoms of each kind present in a molecule. A water molecule is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen bonded to 1 atom of oxygen. A glucose molecule is made up of 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen. Chemical Equations A chemical equation uses chemical formulas and symbols to describe a chemical reaction. The starting materials in a chemical reaction are reactants. The resulting substances from a reaction are products. The reactants are always placed on the left of the arrow, and the products on the right of the arrow. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a compound. For example, hydrogen gas combines with oxygen gas to produce water! Decomposition Reaction In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into its simpler parts. A decomposition reaction is the reverse of synthesis reaction. For example, water decomposes to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Replacement Reaction Single Replacement In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound. The products of such a reaction are a new compound and a different element. For example, zinc replaces the hydrogen in hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. Double Replacement In a double replacement reaction, ions from two compounds switch places to form two new compounds. For example, silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride to form two new compounds - silver chloride and sodium fluoride. water color change gas formation solid formation glucose reactants reactant + reactant product reactant product + product reactant + reactant product + product reactant + reactant product + product product A gas is formed when copper is added to nitric acid. These simple shapes combine to form a new object. The fish shape breaks down into simpler forms. NaOH, added to Phenol- phthalein solution causes a color change. NaOH
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4805 www.newpathlearning.com + + + + + Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 H2O C6H12O6 NaCl + AgF NaF + AgCl 2H2O 2H2 + O2 reactant product + product reactant + reactant product + product reactant + reactant product + product 2H2 + O2 2H2O reactant + reactant product Chemical Reactions Signs of Chemical Reactions What is a chemical reaction? ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Chemical Formulas A chemical formula uses ____________________ to identify the ____________________ in a compound and the ______________________________ of each kind present in a molecule. A water molecule is made up of _______ atoms of ____________________ bonded to _______ atom of ____________________ . A glucose molecule is made up of _______ atoms of ___________________ , _______ atoms of ___________________ , and _______ atoms of ____________________ . Chemical Equations A chemical equation uses ____________________ ____________________ and ____________________ to describe a chemical reaction. The starting materials in a chemical reaction are ____________________ . The resulting substances from a reaction are ____________________ . The ____________________ are always placed on the left of the arrow, and the ____________________ on the right of the arrow. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Describe a synthesis reaction: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Decomposition Reactions Describe a decomposition reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Replacement Reactions Single Replacement Describe a single replacement reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Double Replacement Describe a double replacement reaction: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ water glucose These simple shapes combine to form a new object. The fish shape breaks down into simpler forms. C + O2 CO2 Key Vocabulary Terms atom chemical equation chemical formula chemical reaction compound decomposition reaction double replacement reaction element product reactant single replacement reaction synthesis reaction Synthesis Reaction Decomposition Reaction Replacement Reaction \|xiBAHBDy01799ozX
Strength of Acids & Bases Characteristics of Acids Characteristics of Bases litmus paper have a sour taste react with metals turn blue litmus paper red conduct electric current have a bitter taste feel slippery change red litmus paper to blue Acids react with most metals producing hydrogen gas. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. Hydrogen ions and chloride form when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is dissolved in water. Hydrogen ion (H+) litmus paper react with indicators 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Most Basic Most Acidic 0 Neutralization base acid neutral solution pH = 11 pH = 2 pH = 8 water water O H H bitter taste slippery feel Hydroxide ion (OH–) Acids and bases vary in strength depending on the number of molecules that break apart to produce ions when dissolved in water. The more hydrogen ions (H+) formed, the stronger the acid. Likewise, the more hydroxide ions (OH-) formed the stronger the base. The pH Scale Scientists use a pH scale to measure the strength of acids and bases. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Substances with pH of less than 7 are considered acids; the lower the pH, the stronger the acid. The pH of bases ranges from 7-14 the higher the pH the stronger the base. Neutral solutions have a pH of exactly 7. HCl NaOH Ammonia universal indicator paper sour taste Acids & Their Pr operties An acid is a type of sour substance. When placed in water, acids release hydrogen (H+) ions and negative ions. Ions are negatively or positively charged atoms. When an acidic substance dissolves in water hydrogen atoms break away from the acid molecules. This process forms hydrogen ions. Bases & Their Pr operties A base is a type of bitter substance. When placed in water, bases release hydroxide (OH-) ions into the water. Examples of a base include soap and baking soda. Salts Acid-Base Reactions A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. The hydrogen ions (H+) from an acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH-) from a base to form water. Indicators are substances that change color when they are added to acidic solutions or alkaline (basic) solutions. The positive ions and hydroxide ions separate when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4806 www.newpathlearning.com Acids, Bases & Salts
Strength of Acids and Bases Characteristics of Acids \|xiBAHBDy01798rzu _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Bases & Their Pr operties What is a base? _____________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Characteristics of Bases: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Salts Acid-Base Reactions A _______________________ reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form _______________________ and a _______________________ . Acids react with most ______________ producing hydrogen gas. The _______________________ _______________________ and _______________________ _______________________ separate when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water. HCl + NaOH H 20 + Na+ + Cl- reactants products 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 Neutralization pH = 11 pH = 2 pH = 8 HCl H+ + Cl- water NaOH Na+ + OH- water Describe the strength of acids and bases: _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ The pH Scale How is the pH scale used? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ HCl NaOH Ammonia universal indicator paper Key Vocabulary Terms acid base hydrogen ion hydroxide ion indicator litmus paper neutral solution pH scale salt The hydrogen ions ( H+) from an acid react with the hydroxide ions ( OH-) from a base to form __________________________. Most Basic Most Acidic _______________________ _______________________ and _______________________ form when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is dissolved in water. Acids & Their Pr operties What is an acid? _____________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ What is an indicator? ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4806 www.newpathlearning.com Acids, Bases & Salts
+ + ALKALINE BA TTER Y + + A Series Circuit A Parallel Circuit + + + 150 Watts 1,200 Watts Resistance (ohms) Voltage (volts) Current (amps) Voltage (volts) Power (watts) Current (amps) Electric Charge All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are made of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons and neutrons which carry no charge. Charged objects either push or pull on other charged objects. Objects with like charges repel each other, while objects with opposite charges attract each other. A flow of electric charges is called "electric cur rent." The rate of electric current, expressed in amps (A), measures the amount of charges that flow through a material past a given point per second. The letter I is used as the symbol for current in equations. There are two kinds of electric current Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC). The charges in Alternating Current (AC) flow one way, then the other way, continually reversing direction. The charges in Direct Current (DC) always flow in the same direction. Circuits Objects with the same charge repel each other Objects with opposite charges attract each other Direct Current Alternating Current The water has less resistance flowing through a wide pipe than a narrow one. wide narrow A wide wire has less resistance and allows greater current to flow through. Electric Current Voltage Voltage is the electrical force, or "pressure", that causes current to flow in a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts (V). Resistance Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electricity in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). In equations, the symbol for resistance is the letter R. Ohm’s Law Ohm’s law, named after Mr. Georg Ohm, a mathematician and physicist (1789-1854) from Bavaria, defines the mathematical relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Electric Power Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy. Electric power is measured in units called watts (W). Series Circuits The current in a series circuit can only flow in one path. The current must flow through all the circuit components. In the series circuit below, the current flows through each of the bulbs in sequence. If any of the bulbs fail, the others will stop working as current cannot flow through the rest of the circuit. Parallel Circuits The current in a parallel circuit has at least two independent paths to flow. In the parallel circuit below, the current can flow through each of the bulbs without first having to flow through any others. If any of the bulbs fail, the others will still work as current can still flow through the rest of the circuit. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4807 www.newpathlearning.com Electricity
\|xiBAHBDy01800rzu + + A Series Circuit A Parallel Circuit Electric Charge All matter is made up of ___________________. Atoms are made of ___________________. charged protons, negatively charged ___________________, and ___________________, which carry no charge. Charged objects either push or pull on other charged objects. Objects with like charges ___________________ each other, while objects with opposite charges ___________________ each other. Electric Current A flow of electric charges is called "___________________ ___________________ . " The rate of electric current expressed in amps (A) measures the amount of ___________________ that flow through a material past a given point per second. The letter _____ is used as the symbol for current in equations. There are two kinds of electric current __________________ __________________ and ___________________ ___________________ . The charges in ___________________ ___________________ flow one way, then the other way, continually reversing direction. The charges in ___________________ ___________________ always flow in the same direction. Voltage What is voltage? ___________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Resistance What is resistance? _________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Ohm’s Law Describe Ohm’s Law: ___________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Electric Power What is electric power? __________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Electric power is measured in ______________________ . Circuits Series Circuits Describe a series circuit: _______________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Parallel Circuits Describe a parallel circuit: _______________ __________________________________ _______________________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ ________________________ ___________________ __________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4807 www.newpathlearning.com Electricity Key Vocabulary Terms alternating current amp atom attract charge circuit direct current electric current electric power electricity matter ohm Ohm’s law parallel circuit repel resistance series circuit volt voltage watt Current (amps) Voltage (volts) Power (watts) Resistance (ohms) Voltage (volts) Current (amps)
Earth as a Magnet © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4808 www.newpathlearning.com The needle on a compass is magnetized. It aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic fields and will usually point toward the magnetic north pole. If a compass is placed near an electric current, the needle may not accurately point north because the electricity itself creates a magnetic field. coils wire iron core switch current from battery + ALKALINE BA TTER Y generator coil of wire iron core magnetic field Attract Repel The Earth acts like a giant magnet. While the magnetism of the Earth is difficult to explain, there is no question that the Earth has two opposite poles and a strong magnetic field. The Earth has a geographic north and a south pole and it also has a magnetic north and a south pole. N S Magnetic North Magnetic South North Pole magnetic field South Pole S N N S S N N S N S N S N S N S N S Properties of Magnets A magnet is any substance that attracts the element iron or anything with iron in it. All magnets have opposite ends or poles. These are referred to as the north (N) and south (S) poles. Because similar poles repel each other and opposite poles attract each other, magnets can either repel or attract each other. The degree to which they do this depends on the magnetic force of the magnet. In addition, because of polarity, all magnets will point toward the magnetic north pole of the Earth. Magnetic Fields While the greatest magnetic force is at the poles, there is some degree of magnetism all around a magnet. This is called the magnetic field. It is the space around a magnet where magnetic materials are affected by forces, and so may be attracted or repelled. Magnetic field lines are invisible lines that map the strength of the magnetic force around the magnet. The closer together the field lines are, the stronger the magnetic force is. Electromagnetism Electromagnets A magnetic field is produced when an electric current flows through a coil of wire. This relationship between electricity and magnetism is called electromagnetism. The magnetic field around an electromagnet is similar to the one around a bar magnet. Unlike bar magnets which are permanent magnets, the magnetism of electromagnets can be controlled by switching on or off the electric current. Electromagnets are used in many devices including electric motors, loudspeakers, and electric doorbells among many others. Electricity from Magnetism When a magnet moves through a coil of wire or when a wire moves between the poles of a magnet it changes the magnetic field and generates an electric current. The process of creating an electric current by changing a magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction. An electric generator uses electromagnetic induction to change mechanical energy into electrical energy. Magnetism
Earth as a Magnet © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4808 www.newpathlearning.com iron core current from battery + ALKALINE BA TTER Y The Earth acts like a . While the magnetism of the Earth is difficult to explain, there is no question that the Earth has two and a strong . The Earth has a geographic and a pole and it also has a magnetic north and a south pole. N S Magnetic North Magnetic South North Pole magnetic field South Pole S N N S S N N S N S N S N S N S N S Properties of Magnets A _______________ is any substance that attracts the element iron or anything with iron in it. All magnets have opposite ends or _______________ . These are referred to as the _______________ and _______________ poles. Because similar poles _______________ each other and opposite poles ______________ each other, magnets can either ______________ or ______________ each other. The degree to which they do this depends on the ____________ ____________ of the magnet. In addition, because of ______________ , all magnets will point toward the magnetic north pole of the Earth. Magnetic Fields While the greatest ____________ ___________ is at the poles, there is some degree of magnetism all around a magnet. This is called the _____________ ____________. It is the space around a magnet where magnetic materials are affected by forces, and so may be attracted or repelled. Electromagnetism Describe: Electricity from Magnetism What are magnetic field lines? _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ What are magnetic field lines? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Electromagnetism: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Electromagnet: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms attract electric current electric generator electrical energy electromagnet electromagnetism magnet magnetic field mechanical energy north pole pole repel south pole Magnetism \|xiBAHBDy01819tz]
How We Hear Compression Rarefaction Compression wavelength wavelength auditory nerve middle ear bones cochlea eardrum The farther sound travels, the less intense it becomes. At a distance of 2 m, sound is heard at 1/4 the intensity heard at 1m. Speed of Sound Medium Speed (m/s) air (0ºC) 331 air (20ºC) 343 air (100ºC) 366 water (20ºC) 1,482 steel (20ºC) 5,200 Sound is created by the vibrations of an object. A vibration is a complete back-and-forth motion by an object. The object could be a guitar string, a drum, the diaphragm of a loudspeaker, or even your vocal cords. Sound travels through a medium as longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves are made of compressions and rarefactions. The media that sound travels through include air, water, glass and metal, among others. As the drum skin vibrates, it moves forward and pushes the air particles in front of it closer together, creating an area of higher density and pressure called a compression. As the drum skin retracts, air particles close to the drum skin become less concentrated, creating an area of lower density and pressure called rarefaction. With each vibration, a compression and rarefaction are formed. As they travel away from the drum, sound is transmitted through the air. Properties of Sound The Speed of Sound Sound travels at different speeds through different matter. In general, the denser the matter, the faster sound travels through it. Pitch and Frequency The pitch of the sound determines how low or high a sound seems to be. The pitch of a sound depends upon the frequency of the vibrations that cause it. The frequency of a sound is the number of vibrations per second. The frequency of sound is measured in units called hertz (Hz). Loudness and Amplitude The loudness of a sound depends upon the amplitude (height of a sound wave) of the vibrations that cause it. Sound travels as sound waves. The bigger the vibration, the greater the amplitude of the waves, and thus the louder the sound will be. The loudness of sound is measured in units called decibels (dB). Sound waves enter the ear and cause the eardrum to vibrate. Three small bones in the middle ear carry these vibrations to the cochlea (pronounced "kok-lee-a"). The cochlea contains tiny hairs, which send messages to the brain that are interpreted as sound. Humans normally are able to hear frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Sounds above this frequency are referred to as ultrasound. frequency wavelength amplitude crest trough time 1 m 2 m Sound © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4809 www.newpathlearning.com Decibels of Sound 25 dB 60 dB 100 dB 115 dB 140 dB cat purring normal conversation train horn rock concert jet plane 2,000 to 110,000 bat 45 to 64,000 cat 16 to 12,000 elephant 20 to 20,000 human 67 to 45,000 dog Frequencies Heard by Animals Animal Frequency range (Hz)
\|xiBAHBDy01807qzZ How We Hear wavelength auditory nerve middle ear bones eardrum Speed of Sound Medium Speed (m/s) air (0ºC) 331 air (20ºC) 343 air (100ºC) 366 water (20ºC) 1,482 steel (20ºC) 5,200 Sound is created by the ________________ of an object. A ________________ is a complete back-and-forth motion by an object. The object could be a guitar string, a drum, the diaphragm of a loudspeaker, or even your vocal cords. Sound travels through a media as ________________ ____________ . Longitudinal waves are made of ________________ and ________________ . The media that sound travels through include __________ , __________ , __________ and __________ , among others. As the drum skin vibrates, it moves forward and pushes the air particles in front of it closer together, creating an area of higher density and pressure called a _____________________ . As the drum skin retracts, air particles close to the skin become less concentrated, creating an area of lower density and pressure called _____________________ . With each _____________________ , a compression and rarefaction are formed. As they travel away from the drum, sound is transmitted through the _____________________ . Properties of Sound The Speed of Sound Sound travels at different _______________ through different matter. In general, the ______________ the matter, the ______________ sound travels thro ugh it. Pitch and Frequency The ______________ of the sound determines how low or high a sound seems to be. The pitch of a sound depends upon the _________________________________ that cause it. The frequency of a sound is the number of vibrations per second. The ______________ of sound is measured in units called ______________ . Loudness and Amplitude The loudness of a sound depends upon the _________________ of the vibrations that cause it. Sound travels as ____________ ____________ . The bigger the vibration, the greater the _________________ of the waves, and thus the louder the sound will be. The loudness of sound is measured in units called _________________ . 1 m 2 m Describe how we hear: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Key Vocabulary Terms amplitude cochlea compression crest decibel eardrum frequency hertz longitudinal wave loudness middle ear bones pitch rarefaction sound trough ultrasound vibration wave wavelength time Sound © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4809 www.newpathlearning.com Decibels of Sound 25 dB 60 dB 100 dB 115 dB 140 dB cat purring normal conversation train horn rock concert jet plane
2:13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Visible Light radio waves microwaves X-rays ultraviolet infrared gamma rays 1 + - - + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Electromagnetic Spectrum image plane mirror object virtual image object convex lens focal point focal point (less than 1 focal length from lens) concave lens focal point focal point object virtual image focal point front of mirror back of mirror real image object optical axis front of mirror back of mirror focal point virtual image object optical axis What Is Light? Light is everywhere. It is produced by luminous objects, such as fires, light bulbs and the Sun. Unlike sound, light does not require matter through which to travel, and it can travel through a vacuum such as space. Light travels at 300 million m/s, faster than anything scientists have yet to discover. Light is an electromagnetic wave that is made of vibrating electric and magnetic fields which are at right angles to each other. The light that we can see is called visible light, but there is also light that we cannot see, including ultraviolet light and infrared light. Visible light makes up just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but it too can be broken up into different wavelengths. When passed through a glass prism, an ordinary light beam refracts into the many different colors or wavelengths of light. Light and Color The three primary colors of light are red, green and blue. The combination of these primary colors produces white light. Reflection of Light Refraction of Light Plane Mirrors Light that bounces off surfaces is called reflection. Because mirrors reflect light evenly, we can see an image in them. A mirror with a flat surface is called a plane mirror. It is usually made from a sheet of flat glass, with a thin coating of aluminum or silver on the back to reflect the light. Concave Mirrors A mirror with a surface that curves inward is called a concave mirror. The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the optical axis, focal point and focal length of the mirror. Convex Mirrors A mirror with a surface that curves outward is called a convex mirror. The image formed by a convex mirror is right side up but smaller than the original. Although light normally travels in straight lines, it can bend at the boundary between two materials with different densities. This is called refraction. Lenses Convex Lens A convex lens is thicker in the middle than around the edges. Convex lenses form different kinds of images depending on the distance between the object and the lens. Concave Lens A concave lens is thinner in the middle than around the edges. The image formed by a concave lens is virtual and smaller than the object. The color of an object is determined by the wavelengths of light that reach our eye. A red-colored object appears red because only red light is reflected while the other colors of light are absorbed. Objects appear black because they absorb all the colors of light, while white objects appear white because they reflect all the colors of light. red blue green yellow magenta cyan Focal point is behind the mirror. Image is always upright and reduced. glass air air Light © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4810 www.newpathlearning.com
image plane mirror object virtual image object convex lens focal point focal point (less than 1 focal length from lens) concave lens focal point focal point object virtual image focal point front of mirror back of mirror real image object optical axis front of mirror back of mirror focal point virtual image object optical axis 2:13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Visible Light 1 + - - + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Concave Mirrors What Is Light? Light is everywhere. It is produced by luminous objects, such as fires, light bulbs and the Sun. Unlike sound, light does not require ________________ through which to travel, and it can travel through a vacuum such as space. Light travels at _______________ faster than anything scientists have yet to discover. Light is an ________________ __________ that is made of vibrating electric and magnetic fields which are at right angles to each other. The light that we can see is called _____________ _____________ , but there is also light that we cannot see, including _____________ ____________ and ____________ ____________ . Visible light makes up just a small part of the __________________ ______________ , but it too can be broken up into different ______________. When passed through a glass prism, an ordinary light beam ______________ into the many different _____________ or ______________ of light. Light and Color The three primary colors of light are _________ , __________ and __________ . The combination of these primary colors produces ______________ ______________ . Reflection of Light Refraction of Light Plane Mirrors Convex Mirrors Refraction Lenses Convex Lens Concave Lens The color of an object is determined by the ___________________ of light that reach our eye. A red-colored object appears red because only __________ light is reflected while the other colors of light are absorbed. Objects appear black because they _______________ all the colors of light, while white objects appear white because they _______________ all the colors of light. Describe a plane mirror: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Describe refraction: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Describe a concave mirror: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Describe a convex lens: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Describe a convex mirror: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Describe a concave lens: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms absorb concave lens concave mirror convex lens convex mirror electromagnetic wave focal length focal point gamma rays light magnetic field microwaves optical axis plane mirror primary colors radio waves reflection refraction ultraviolet light visible light wavelength x-rays \|xiBAHBDy01804pzY Light © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4810 www.newpathlearning.com red blue green yellow magenta cyan