Science: Life Science

Life Science - Middle School

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Copyright © NewPath Learning. All rights reserved. www.newpathlearning.com Charts Charts LIFESCIENCE LIFESCIENCE \|xiBAHBDy01212sz\ 34-6007 Sturdy, Free-Standing Design, Perfect for Learning Centers! Reverse Side Features Questions, Labeling Exercises, Vocabulary Review & more!
Phone: 800-507-0966 Fax: 800-507-0967 www.newpathlearning.com NewPath Learning® products are developed by teachers using research-based principles and are classroom tested. The company’s product line consists of an array of proprietary curriculum review games, workbooks, posters and other print materials. All products are supplemented with web-based activities, assessments and content to provide an engaging means of educating students on key, curriculum-based topics correlated to applicable state and national education standards. Copyright © 2009 NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Curriculum Mastery® and NewPath Learning® are registered trademarks of NewPath Learning LLC. Science Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts provide comprehensive coverage of key standards-based curriculum in an illustrated format that is visually appealing, engaging and easy to use. Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts can be used with the entire classroom, with small groups or by students working independently. Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart Set features 10 double-sided laminated charts covering grade-level specific curriculum content on one side plus write-on/wipe-off charts on reverse side for student use or for small-group instruction. Built-in sturdy free-standing easel for easy display Spiral bound for ease of use Activity Guide with black-line masters of the charts for students to fill-in, key vocabulary terms, corresponding quiz questions for each chart, along with answers Ideal for Learning centers In class instruction for interactive presentations and demonstrations Hands-on student use Stand alone reference for review of key science concepts Teaching resource to supplement any program HOW TO USE Classroom Use Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart can be used to graphically introduce or review a topic of interest. Side 1 of each Flip Chart provides graphical representation of key concepts in a concise, grade appropriate reading level for instructing students. The reverse Side 2 of each Flip Chart allows teachers or students to fill in the call-outs of key structures and summarize key concepts. Note: Be sure to use an appropriate dry-erase marker and to test it on a small section of the chart prior to using it. The Activity Guide included provides a black-line master of each Flip Chart which students can use to fill in before, during, or after instruction. On the reverse side of each black-line master are questions corresponding to each Flip Chart topic which can be used as further review or as a means of assessment. While the activities in the guide can be used in conjunction with the Flip Charts, they can also be used individually for review or as a form of assessment or in conjunction with any other related assignment. Learning Centers Each Flip Chart provides students with a quick illustrated view of grade-appropriate curriculum concepts. Students may use these Flip Charts in small group settings along with the corresponding activity pages contained in the guide to learn or review concepts already covered in class. Students may also use these charts as reference while playing the NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Independent student use Students can use the hands-on Flip Charts to practice and learn independently by first studying Side 1 of the chart and then using Side 2 of the chart or the corresponding graphical activities contained in the guide to fill in the answers and assess their understanding. Reference/Teaching resource Curriculum Mastery® Charts are a great visual supplement to any curriculum or they can be used in conjunction with NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Chart # 1: Chart # 2: Chart # 3: Chart # 4: Chart # 5: Chart # 6: Chart # 7: Chart # 8: Chart # 9: Chart #10: Photosynthesis & Respiration Mitosis & Meiosis Modern Genetics Microlife - Bacteria, Fungi & Protists Osmosis & Diffusion The Compound Microscope Sponges, Cnidarians & Worms Mollusks, Arthropods & Echinoderms Fishes, Amphibians & Reptiles Birds & Mammals
glucose smaller molecules cytoplasm energy mitochondrion carbon dioxide Stage 2 smaller molecules water oxygen energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants and certain bacteria use the energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen. Plants and animals use glucose as a source of energy for all life processes. The process of photosynthesis begins in the leaves where light energy is absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found within a plant cell organelle called the chloroplast. The captured light energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. stoma leaf vein stoma spongy cells epidermis guard cells nucleus chloroplast Using the captured light energy, glucose and oxygen are produced inside the chloroplasts through a complex series of chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. (Oxygen produced leaves the leaf through the stomata also.) Chloroplasts capture light energy. Water enters the leaf. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is a process by which cells break down glucose to release stored energy. Stage 1 of respiration begins in the cell’s cytoplasm through the break-down of glucose into smaller molecules releasing a small amount of energy. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy glucose oxygen water carbon dioxide 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 oxygen glucose water light energy chlorophyll carbon dioxide 1 Sugar leaves the leaf. 5 2 3 4 water glucose carbon dioxide Stage 1 During Stage 2, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen in the mitochondria to produce a large amount of energy along with carbon dioxide and water. W ATER GL UC OSE Photosynthesis & Respiration © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4701 www.newpathlearning.com
glucose smaller molecules cytoplasm energy mitochondrion carbon dioxide Stage 2 smaller molecules water oxygen energy Photosynthesis _________________________ is a process by which green plants and certain bacteria use the energy from the Sun to convert ____________________ and ____________________ into ____________________ and ____________________. Plants and animals use _________________________ as a source of _________________________ for all life processes. The process of photosynthesis begins in the leaves where light energy is absorbed by the green pigment ____________________ . Chlorophyll is found within a plant cell organelle called the ____________________ . The captured light energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into ____________________ and ____________________ . stoma Using the captured light energy, glucose and oxygen are produced inside the chloroplasts through a complex series of chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny pores called stomata. (Oxygen produced leaves the leaf through the stomata also.) Chloroplasts capture light energy. Water enters the leaf. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy glucose oxygen water carbon dioxide 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 oxygen glucose water light energy chlorophyll carbon dioxide 1 Sugar leaves the leaf. 5 2 3 4 water glucose carbon dioxide Stage 1 During ____________________ , the smaller molecules combine with ____________________ in the ____________________ to produce a large amount of energy along with ___________________ and ________________. W ATER GL UC OSE Key Vocabulary Terms carbon dioxide guard cell cellular respiration mitochondrion chlorophyll organelle chloroplast oxygen energy photosynthesis glucose stoma Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is a process by which cells break down glucose to release stored energy. The process of respiration begins in the cell’s ______________________ through the break-down of ______________________ into smaller molecules releasing a small amount of energy. Photosynthesis & Respiration © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4701 www.newpathlearning.com \|xiBAHBDy01767nzW
Meiosis I Before Meiosis Meiosis II Mitosis Cell Growth DNA Replication Cytokinesis Preparation for Mitosis Inte rp ha se The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle Cells reproduce by a process called cell division. The cell cycle is the sequence of stages of growth and division that a cell undergoes. The three stages of the cell cycle include interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Meiosis During meiosis a parent cell divides into four sex cells, each with half the number of chromosomes. Sex cells of males are called sperm cells and sex cells of females are called egg cells. Prophase The chromatin condenses and spindle fibers form at each side of the cell. The nuclear membrane breaks apart. Anaphase The spindle fiber splits the centromere and the chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase The chromosomes loosen on each side and the nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromatin (strands of DNA). Cytokinesis During this stage the cell membrane pinches in at the middle of the cell dividing it into two separate daughter cells. Each daughter cell gets half of the cell organelles and an identical set of chromosomes. 1 Before meiosis begins, chromosomes in the parent cell are copied. 2 Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell. 3 The chromosome pairs split and pull apart to opposite ends of the cell. 4 Each of the two new cells formed has half the number of chromosomes. 5 Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell. 6 The centromeres split and the single chromosomes move apart to opposite ends of the cell. 7 Four sex cells are produced, each with only one chromosome from each original pair. Interphase is the first stage of the cell cycle and the period before cell division. During this phase the cell matures, copies its DNA and prepares to divide. Meiosis Punnett Square female parent male parent A Punnett Square shows all the possible allele (gene) combinations in the offspring of two organisms. RR Rr Rr rr Rr Rr R r R r centriole chromatin daughter cells Metaphase The chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome at the centromere. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4702 www.newpathlearning.com Mitosis & Meiosis chromatids chromatin centromere
\|xiBAHBDy01759sz\ Meiosis I Before Meiosis Meiosis II Mitosis Cell Growth DNA Replication Cytokinesis Preparation for Mitosis Int er ph as e The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle Cells reproduce by a process called ____________________ . The __________________ is the sequence of stages of growth and division that a cell undergoes. The three stages of the cell cycle include ____________________ , ____________________ and ____________________ . Meiosis During __________________ a parent cell divides into four sex cells, each with half the number of chromosomes. Sex cells of males are called ____________________ and those of females are called ____________________ . Prophase The _____________ condenses and spindle fibers form at each side of the cell. The nuclear membrane breaks apart. Anaphase The spindle fiber splits the ________________ and the chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase The chromosomes loosen on each side and the nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromatin (strands of DNA). Cytokinesis During this stage the cell membrane pinches in at the middle of the cell dividing it into two separate ____________________ . Each daughter cell gets half of the cell organelles and an identical set of ____________________ . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ____________________ is the first stage of the cell cycle and the period before cell division. During this phase the cell matures, copies its DNA and prepares to divide. Metaphase The _________________ line up along the center of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome at the centromere. Key Vocabulary Terms anaphase interphase cell cycle meiosis cell division metaphase centromere mitosis chromatids prophase chromosomes Punnett square cytokinesis sex cells daughter cells sperm cells DNA spindle fibers egg cells telophase © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4702 www.newpathlearning.com Mitosis & Meiosis
Human Karyotype © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4703 www.newpathlearning.com Modern Genetics chromosome pair T T C G G gene A A A C C C C G G G G T T T A B c D e F G h i J a b C d E f g H I j T A A C G G 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 XX (female) XY (male) 15 16 17 18 4 5 or DNA Fingerprinting Each person has a unique set of DNA. As a result of this uniqueness, it can be used to produce a genetic fingerprint known as DNA fingerprinting. It is a method used by scientists to solve crimes, determine familial relationships or to track hereditary diseases. 1. DNA is extracted from the cell. 2. The extracted DNA is cut into smaller pieces with special enzymes. 3. The DNA pieces are placed on a gel that uses electric current to push them through the gel and separate them according to size. The larger DNA pieces remain closer to the top, while the smaller ones move towards the bottom. 4. The separated DNA pieces on the gel are then stained to reveal their unique banded pattern known as a DNA fingerprint. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Chromosomes are made up of DNA. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. A gene is a section of a DNA strand that is made up of a series of bases which contains the information for cells to make one specific protein. A karyotype is a picture of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell. Scientists examine a karyotype to identify and evaluate the size, shape and number of chromosomes in a human cell. Extra, missing or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development and body functions. A normal human male karyotype is represented as 46,XY and a normal female karyotype is represented as 46,XX. Individuals with chromosomal disorders include Down Syndrome (47, XY, +21) and Turner’s Syndrome (45, X) among others. DNA strand genes proteins chromosomes centromere nucleolus nucleus cell gel electrophoresis system DNA added
\|xiBAHBDy01762sz\ Human Karyotype © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4703 www.newpathlearning.com Modern Genetics T T C G G A A A C C C C G G G G T T T J T A A C G G 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 XX (female) XY (male) 15 16 17 18 4 5 or DNA Fingerprinting Each person has a unique set of DNA. As a result of this uniqueness, it can be used to produce a genetic fingerprint known as _____________________________. It is a method used by scientists to solve crimes, determine familial relationships or to track hereditary diseases. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA ___________________ are made up of DNA. DNA, or __________________________, is the __________________________ in humans and almost all other organisms. The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: ________________, ________________, ________________ and ________________. The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, ___ with T and C with ___, to form units called _______________________. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. A ________________ is a section of a DNA strand that is made up of a series of bases which contains the information for cells to make one specific ________________. A _________________ is a picture of the complete set of ___________________ in a cell. Scientists examine a karyotype to identify and evaluate the size, shape and number of chromosomes in a human cell. Extra, missing or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development and body functions. A normal human male karyotype is represented as _______________ and a normal female karyotype is represented __________________. Individuals with chromosomal disorders include ________________________________ (47, XY, +21) and ________________________________ (45, X) among others. DNA strand nucleolus nucleus cell DNA added gene A B c D e F G h i a b C d E f g H I Key Vocabulary Terms adenine Down syndrome base pairs gel electrophoresis centromere genes chemical bases guanine chromosomes hereditary diseases cytosine karyotype DNA thymine DNA fingerprinting Turner’s syndrome 1. 2. 3. 4. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________ _____________________
Bacteria Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth. They thrive in diverse conditions and places, including our bodies. Bacteria are single celled organisms. They are considered prokaryotes, since their DNA is in the cytoplasm and not within a nucleus. Although some bacteria can cause disease, most bacteria types are beneficial in food and medicine production, recycling of matter and keeping our bodies healthy. Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria have one of three basic shapes: spiral, rod-like or spherical. Paramecium Paramecia are animal-like protists that live in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. Euglena Euglenoids are unicellular algae that live in fresh water and can make their own food in the presence of sunlight. food vacuole nucleus nucleus large nucleus small nucleus cilia cytoplasm cytoplasm eyespot slime mold flagellum chloroplast pseudopod contractile vacuole contractile vacuole contractile vacuole anal pore food vacuole oral groove cell membrane cell membrane DNA ribosomes cell wall cytoplasm spiral spherical rodlike pilli Fungus-like protists, like fungi, are heterotrophs and use spores to reproduce. Protists The protist kingdom is the most diverse. Some protists are unicellular while others are multicellular. The wide variety of characteristics of the numerous protist species makes it difficult to categorize them, but scientists developed a method that places each species into one of three separate categories: animal-like, plant-like (algae) and fungus-like. Some photos courtesy of CDC and USDA. Amoeba Amoebas are animal-like and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. Fungi are eukaryotes (have a cell nucleus) with cell walls, are heterotrophs that obtain food by absorbing nutrients by decomposing organic matter and use spores to reproduce. Fungi cycle nutrients and provide us with antibiotics, while others are used for food such as mushrooms. And select species of fungi have the ability to cause disease in both plants and animals. Classification of fungi Club fungi Fungi in this group include mushrooms, rusts and puffballs. Sac fungi Sac fungi are the largest group of fungi and include yeasts, morels and truffles. Zygote fungi Common fruit and bread molds are examples of Zygote fungi. gills hyphae underground hyphae cap stalk Fungi Microlife Bacteria, Fungi & Protists © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4704 www.newpathlearning.com flagellum
Bacteria eyespot slime mold chloroplast anal pore oral groove Protists Microlife Bacteria, Fungi & Protists © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4704 www.newpathlearning.com Classification of fungi Fungi are ________________ (have a cell nucleus) with cell walls, are ________________ that obtain food by absorbing nutrients by decomposing organic matter and use spores to reproduce. Fungi recycle _______________ and provide us with ________________, while others are used for food such as mushrooms. Select species of fungi have the ability to ________________ in both plants and animals. Club fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ Sac fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ Zygote fungi _________________ _________________ _________________ __________________ are the most abundant organisms on Earth. They thrive in diverse conditions and places, including our bodies. ____________________ are single celled organisms. They are considered _________________, since their DNA is in the cytoplasm and not within a ___________________. Although some bacteria can cause disease, most bacteria types are beneficial in ____________________ and ____________________, _______________________ and _______________________. Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria have one of three basic shapes: _____________________, ___________________ or ___________________. ________________ are animal-like and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. ________________ are animal-like protists that live in fresh water and feed on bacteria and smaller protists. ________________ are unicellular algae that live in fresh water and can make their own food in the presence of sunlight. _________________, like fungi are heterotrophs and use spores to reproduce. The __________________ kingdom is the most diverse. Some protists are __________________ while others __________________. The wide variety of characteristics of the numerous protist species makes it difficult to categorize them, but scientists developed a method that places each species into one of three separate categories: ___________________, ___________________ and __________________. Key Vocabulary Terms Amoeba Euglenoids plasma membrane animal-like eukaryotes pseudopod antibiotic flagellum protist bacteria fungus-like rodlike cell wall heterotrophs Sac fungi cilia nucleus spherical Club fungi Paramecium vacuole cytoplasm plant-like Zygote fungi Fungi \|xiBAHBDy01757ozX
Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport outside of cell energy inside of cell cell membrane transport protein Cell Membrane Each cell has a cell membrane which provides structure and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. The cell membrane consists of two layers composed of proteins and lipids. The cell membrane is known as a semipermeable membrane since it allows only certain substances to move into and out of the cell. Small molecules move across a cell membrane through a method called diffusion. Diffusion is a process by which a substance moves from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration. This process continues until the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. The movement of water into and out of cells depends on osmosis. Active Transport Some substances move across the cell membrane from a low concentration to an area of high concentration with the use of energy. The transport of materials through a cell membrane using energy is called active transport. Passive Transport The transport of materials across the cell membrane from a high concentration to a place of low concentration without the use of energy is called passive transport. high concentration of oxygen outside the cell even concentration of oxygen inside and outside the cell high concentration high concentration low concentration low concentration Active Transport normal red blood cell low water concentration outside cell high water concentration outside cell This cell has shrunk because water has moved out of it. This cell has swollen because water has moved into it. even concentration of water inside and outside of cell Osmosis & Diffusion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4705 www.newpathlearning.com Inside of Cell Before Diffusion After Diffusion transport protein carbohydrate Outside of Cell lipid bilayer
Diffusion Osmosis Key Vocabulary Terms active transport lipid bilayer cell membrane low concentration diffusion osmosis energy passive transport high concentration semipermeable membrane lipids transport protein outside of cell energy inside of cell cell membrane transport protein Cell Membrane Each cell has a ________________________________ which provides structure and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. The cell membrane consists of two layers composed of ________________ and ________________. The cell membrane is known as a _________________________ membrane since it allows only certain substances to move into and out of the cell. Small molecules move across a cell membrane through a method called __________________. __________________ is a process by which a substance moves from a place of ____________________ concentration to a place of ______________ concentration. This process continues until the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of the membrane. ________________ is the diffusion of water molecules across a ______________________________. The movement of water into and out of cells depends on ________________. Active Transport Describe: __________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Passive Transport Describe: __________________________________________ __________________________________________________ high concentration of oxygen outside the cell even concentration of oxygen inside and outside the cell high concentration high concentration low concentration low concentration normal red blood cell low water concentration outside cell high water concentration outside cell This cell has shrunk because water has moved out of it. This cell has swollen because water has moved into it. even concentration of water inside and outside of cell Osmosis & Di ffusion © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4705 www.newpathlearning.com Inside of Cell transport protein carbohydrate Outside of Cell lipid bilayer \|xiBAHBDy01763pzY
The Compound Microscope © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4706 www.newpathlearning.com Using the microscope 1. Rotate the low-power objective into its place. 2. Turn on your lamp microscope or position the mirror so that the opening in the stage is evenly illuminated. 3. Place a prepared slide on the stage and clamp it down with the stage clips. 4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to lower the stage to the lowest level. 5. While looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse adjustment knob until the specimen on the slide is in view. Then, turn the fine adjustment to sharpen the focus. 6. Rotate the high-power objective into its place for a closer look. 7. To determine the magnification of the specimen on the slide, multiply the number inscribed on the eyepiece by the number on the objective being used. stage clip stage diaphragm base substage lamp fine adjustment coarse adjustment high-power objective revolving nosepiece low-power objective eyepiece arm Images seen under the microscope Hydra spiral bacteria bacteria mitotic cell cork lung tissue A microscope allows observation of objects that are not visible to the human eye. A light compound microscope uses two convex lenses to magnify an object. Light first passes through a specimen and then through the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. These lenses magnify an image by bending the light that passes through them. For example, eyepiece (10X) x objective (40X) = total magnification of 400X. Some photos courtesy of CDC.
The Compound Microscope © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4706 www.newpathlearning.com Images seen under the microscope Hydra spiral bacteria bacteria mitotic cell cork lung tissue A ___________________ allows observation of objects that are not visible to the human eye. A light compound microscope uses two __________________________________ to ___________________ an object. ____________________ first passes through a specimen and then through the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. These lenses ___________________________ an image by ____________________ the light that passes through them. Key Vocabulary Terms arm low-power objective compound light microscope magnification convex lens microscope course adjustment objective diaphragm revolving nosepiece eyepiece stage fine adjustment stage clip high-power objective substage lamp Using the microscope 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ \|xiBAHBDy01774lz[
medusa planula larva polyp polyp planarian tapeworm roundworm ephyra budding polyp Body Plans polyp medusa central cavity central cavity mouth mouth Sponges Sponges are the simplest of all animals belonging to the phylum Porifera. In fact, for a long time people thought that sponges were plants. Like plants, mature sponges remain in one place for the rest of their life cycle, attached to rocks underwater. How does a sponge reproduce? Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually. When a sponge reproduces asexually, it uses a process known as budding. A sponge is neither a male nor a female, but it is capable of producing both egg and sperm cells but never at the same time. Body Structure oscula central cavity After fertilization, an immature form of a sponge develops known as a larva. 3. The sperm enters another sponge through a pore and fertilizes an egg. 2. The larva is carried away by water currents. 4. 2. 4. 3. 5. 1. 6. An adult sponge produces sperm cells. 1. 5. The larva attaches itself to a rock or other hard surface and remains there for the rest of its life cycle. Cnidarians Cnidarians are invertebrate animals that have stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves. Examples of cnidarians include jellyfishes, hydra, sea anemones and corals. Body Structure Cnidarians have two body forms, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa. While polyps reproduce asexually by budding, medusas reproduce sexually. Life cycle of a Jellyfish A jellyfish has a life cycle that includes both a polyp and a medusa. Sperm and egg cells are released. The egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell. A larva develops. The larva develops into a polyp. The polyp reproduces asexually releasing many disc-shaped structures. Each disc-shaped structure develops into an adult medusa. larva larva adult sponge sperm cells egg Spike Spikes give the sponge its shape and allow it to stay upright. They also provide the sponge protection from predators. Pore A sponge has many holes in its body called pores that allow water to pass through into the central cavity. Water leaves the sponge through the large hole on top called the oscula. Jelly-like cell Jelly-like cells are found between the spikes that digest food, remove wastes and produce egg or sperm cells. Collar cell Collar cells beat back and forth moving water through the pores trapping tiny food particles in the process. brain mouth blood vessels digestive tract nerve cord anus earthworm reproductive organs Roundworms Roundworms have bodies in the shape of a cylinder. They are the simplest organisms with a brain and can respond to light, touch and vibrations. They live freely in soil and water. Segmented worms Segmented worms have cylindrical bodies made up of many sections with grooves in between each section. Earthworms and leeches are examples of segmented worms. Flatworms Flatworms are worms that are flat. Although most flatworms are too small to be seen with the naked eye, some species can grow up to ten meters long. The tapeworm is a parasitic flatworm that depends on its host for food. Planarian is a non-parasitic flatworm that lives freely in ponds, streams and oceans. Worms Scientists classify worms into three separate groups or phyla - flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. intestine waste removal organs Sponges, Cnidarians & Wo rms © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4707 www.newpathlearning.com
planula larva ephyra budding polyp 2. 4. 3. 5. 1. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sponges ________________ are the simplest of all animals belonging to the phylum Porifera. In fact, for a long time people thought that sponges were ______________. Like _____________, mature sponges remain in one place for the rest of their life cycle, attached to rocks underwater. How does a sponge reproduce? Sponges can reproduce both ________________ and ________________. When a sponge reproduces asexually, it uses a process known as ________________. A sponge is neither male nor female, but is capable of producing both ________________ and ________________ but never at the same time. Body Structure Cnidarians __________________ are invertebrate animals that have _______________ to capture food and defend themselves. Examples of cnidarians include ________________________________ ________________________________. Body Structure Cnidarians have two body forms, the vase-shaped _________________ and the bowl-shaped _________________ . While polyps reproduce asexually by _________________ , medusas reproduce sexually. Life cycle of a Jellyfish A jellyfish has a life cycle that includes both a ________________ and a _______________ . Spike _________________________ _________________________ Pores _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Collar cell ______________________ ______________________ brain mouth blood vessels digestive tract nerve cord anus reproductive organs Roundworms _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Segmented worms ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Flatworms ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Worms Scientists classify worms into three separate groups or phyla - ___________________, ___________________, and ____________________. intestine waste removal organs central cavity central cavity mouth mouth \|xiBAHBDy01771kzU Key Vocabulary Terms asexual reproduction planarian budding polyp central cavity pores cnidarians roundworms collar cells segmented worms egg cells sexual reproduction flatworms sperm cells jellyfish spikes larva sponges medusa stinging cells phylum tapeworms Sponges, Cnidarians & Wo rms © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4707 www.newpathlearning.com
Arthropods Arthropods are the most advanced invertebrates. They have external skeletons, segmented bodies, and jointed attachments called appendages. Most arthropods have bilateral symmetry, an open circulatory system, a digestive system with two openings, and reproduce sexually. Spiders, grasshoppers, crabs, lobsters, centipedes and scorpions are examples of arthropods. Mollusk Mollusks are invertebrate animals with soft bodies. They are usually protected by an outer hard shell. Mollusks have a mantle, a thin layer of tissue covering their internal organs. They move using a thick muscular organ called a foot. Snails, octopuses, clams, and oysters are examples of mollusks. Body Structure Mollusks have bilateral symmetry and internal organs that are located in one area. Some of the internal organs include a stomach, heart, reproductive organs, and a pair of kidneys. Most mollusks have an open circulatory system. Mollusks that live in water use gills to obtain oxygen from the water. Echinoderms Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton, called the endoskeleton. All echinoderms live in the ocean and most have spiny skins. The water-vascular system of fluid-filled tubes helps echinoderms move and catch food. Adult echinoderms have radial symmetry in which the body parts, usually in multiples of five, are arranged like spokes on a wheel. Examples of echinoderms include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. legs mantle mantle mantle anus anus anus crop gill gill gut gill coelom eye eye mouth mouth mouth adductor muscle siphon ink sac foot foot siphon nerve cord stomach stomach heart heart clam snail Sea star Sea urchin Sea cucumber Comparison of Arthropod Groups Crustaceans 2 or 3 2 2 3 5 or more 4 many 3 2 none 1 1 Characteristic Number of body sections Pairs of legs Pairs of antennae Arachnids Insects © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4708 www.newpathlearning.com Mollusks, Arthropods & Echinoderms squid stomach ring canal tube feet
Arthropods Arthropods are the most advanced ________________. They have ________________ skeletons, ________________ bodies, and jointed attachments called ________________. Most arthropods have ________________ symmetry an ________________ circulatory system, a digestive system with ______________ openings and reproduce ________________. Examples of arthropods include __________ _____________________________________. Mollusk Mollusks are ________________ animals with ________________ bodies. They are usually protected by an outer ________________. Mollusks have a ________________, a thin layer of tissue covering their internal organs. They move using a thick muscular organ called a ________________. Examples of mollusks include ______________________________________________. Body Structure Mollusks have _________________ symmetry and internal organs that are located in one area. Some of the internal organs include a stomach, heart, reproductive organs, and a pair of kidneys. Most mollusks have an ______________ circulatory system. Mollusks that live in water use ______________ to obtain oxygen from the water. Echinoderms Echinoderms are ________________ with an internal skeleton, called the ________________. All echinoderms live in the ________________ and most have ________________ skins. ______________________________ of fluid-filled tubes helps echinoderms move and catch food. Adult echinoderms have ________________ symmetry in which the body parts, usually in multiples of five, are arranged like spokes on a wheel. Examples of echinoderms include ____________________________________ ____________________________________. legs mantle mantle anus anus anus crop gill gut coelom eye eye mouth mouth adductor muscle siphon ink sac foot nerve cord stomach stomach heart clam snail Comparison of Arthropod Groups Crustaceans Characteristic Number of body sections Pairs of legs Pairs of antennae Arachnids Insects © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4708 www.newpathlearning.com Mollusks, Arthropods & Echinoderms squid Key Vocabulary Terms appendages mantle arthropods mollusks bilateral symmetry open circulatory system echinoderm radial symmetry endoskeleton sea star external skeleton sea urchin gills segmented body invertebrate water-vascular system \|xiBAHBDy01761lz[
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4709 www.newpathlearning.com Gopher snake Gecko Adult Tadpole Froglet Eggs Life Cycle of a Frog Fishes A fish is a vertebrate animal that lives in water. It uses gills to obtain oxygen from the water, and uses its fins for movement. Most fishes have scales and are ectotherms. The body temperature of an ectotherm changes depending on the temperature of its environment. Amphibians An amphibian is a vertebrate that is ectothermic and lives its early life in water. Once an amphibian reaches adulthood, it then lives on land, only to return to the water to reproduce. Amphibians lay eggs in the water where they hatch into larvae. The larvae have gills and undergo metamorphosis when entering the adult phase. Examples of amphibians include frogs, toads, newts and salamanders. Reptiles Reptiles are ectotherms, breathe by lungs, and have a dry scaly skin. Lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, alligators and crocodiles are all examples of reptiles. Jawless fishes Jawless fish are the only fish that do not have scales or jaws. They have a skeleton made of cartilage and their fins are not paired. Jawless fish have mouth structures that help them feed by sucking, stabbing, and scraping their food. The two types of jawless fishes include hagfishes and lampreys. Cartilaginous fishes A cartilaginous fish has paired fins, scales, hinged jaws and a skeleton made of cartilage. Examples of cartilaginous fishes include rays, sharks, and skates. Lizards & Snak es Lizards and snakes make up most of the reptiles today. Lizards differ from snakes in various ways. Lizards have four legs, long tails, external ears, moveable eyelids and two lungs. Snakes have no external ears or eyelids, and most have one lung. Alligators & Cr ocodiles Alligators and crocodiles are the largest living reptiles. Both are carnivorous reptiles and care for their young. Turtles Turtles live on land, in fresh water, and in the sea. These reptiles are covered by a protective shell. They live longer than any other vertebrate. Some live for over 150 years. Bony fishes Bony fishes are the most diverse group of fish and make up 95% of all fish species. A bony fish has hinged jaws, paired fins, scales and a skeleton made of bone. Its gills on each side of the head are protected by a hard plate. Bony fishes include bass, carp, and bluefin tuna among others. Lamprey Lamprey mouth Reef shark Crocodile Some photos courtesy of NOAA. Fishes, Amphibians & Rept iles gills gill cover spinal cord tail fin anus gonads dorsal fin intestines liver stomach heart
\|xiBAHBDy01747pzY © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4709 www.newpathlearning.com Gopher snake Life Cycle of a Frog Fishes A fish is a ________________ animal that lives in water. It uses _______________ to obtain oxygen from the water, and uses its _______________ for movement. Most fishes have scales and are ectotherms. The body temperature of an ________________ changes depending on the temperature of its environment. Amphibians An amphibian is a ________________ that is ectothermic and lives its early life in water. Once an amphibian reaches adulthood, it then lives on land, only to return to the water to reproduce. Amphibians lay ______________ in the water where they hatch into ________________. The larvae have __________________ and undergo __________________ when entering the adult phase. Examples of amphibians include ________________________________ ____________________________________. Reptiles Reptiles are ectotherms, breathe by ________________, and have a ________________ skin. Examples of reptiles include ________________________________________ _______________________________________________. Jawless fishes Jawless fish are the only fish that do not have ___________________ or ___________________. They have a skeleton made of cartilage and their fins are not paired. Jawless fish have mouth structures that help them feed by ________________, _________________, and ___________________ their food. The two types of jawless fishes include __________________________ and __________________________ . Cartilaginous fishes _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Lizards & Snak es _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Alligators & Cr ocodiles ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Turtles ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Bony fishes _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Key Vocabulary Terms alligator hinged jaw amphibians jawless fishes bony fishes lizard carnivorous reptile cartilaginous fishes scales crocodile snake ectotherm turtle fish vertebrate gills Lamprey Reef shark Fishes, Amphibians & Rept iles spinal cord
Birds A bird is an endothermic vertebrate animal that lays eggs, has feathers and a four chambered heart. The body of most birds is adapted to flying. The nearly hollow bones and feathers make the bird light weight. In addition, birds have large chest muscles which move the wings and extra air sacs that provide a plentiful supply of oxygen to the flight muscles. Scientists believe that today’s birds descended from some kind of reptile, possibly a dinosaur, since they still retain several features similar to reptiles. If you examine the leg of a bird, you’ll notice that it’s covered with scales and has claws. Like some reptiles, birds have a tough beak, and develop in shelled eggs. Mammals A mammal is an endothermic vertebrate that has skin covered with fur or hair, a four chambered heart and a wide arrangement of teeth. Fertilization in mammals occurs internally. There are a few species that lay eggs that are shelled, but most offspring develop completely within the mother and are then born. Most mammals are born alive and are fed with milk produced by the mother’s body. The nervous system of mammals is highly developed and has adapted to the lifestyle of each individual species. Diversity of Mammals There are approximately 4,000 different species of mammals on Earth today. The majority of mammals live on land, but some species have adapted to live in the air and in the oceans. There are three groups of mammals - monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals - that differ in how their young develop. The monotremes are egg-laying mammals. Their young develop in shelled eggs. Pouched mammals are called marsupials. These mammals partially develop within the female and complete their development within a pouch on the mother’s body. Placental mammals are mammals that develop completely inside the mother’s body. This group of mammals gets its name from the placenta, an organ that passes nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing embryo. Elephants, mice, horses, dolphins, and humans are all examples of placental mammals. Diversity of Birds Birds are the most diverse land vertebrates with almost 10,000 different species. Egret Owl Geese Pelican Obtaining oxygen Nervous system Nervous system Keeping conditions stable Keeping conditions stable Movement Movement Obtaining food Obtaining food Some photos courtesy of USFWS. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4710 www.newpathlearning.com Birds & Mammals heart air sacs air sacs bone lungs
Birds A bird is an endothermic ________________ animal that lays eggs, has feathers and a four chambered heart. The body of most birds is adapted to ________________. The nearly ________________ bones and feathers make the bird light weight. In addition, birds have large __________________________________ which move the wings and extra air sacs that provide a plentiful supply of ________________ to the flight muscles. Scientists believe that today’s birds descended from some kind of ________________, possibly a dinosaur, since they still retain several features similar to ________________. If you examine the leg of a bird, you’ll notice that it’s covered with ________________ and has ________________. Like some reptiles, birds have a tough beak, and develop in shelled eggs. Mammals A mammal is an endothermic ________________ that has skin covered with ________________ or ________________, a four chambered ________________ and a wide arrangement of ________________. Fertilization in mammals occurs ________________. There are a few species that lay eggs that are shelled, but most offspring develop completely within the mother and are then born. Most mammals are born ________________ and are fed with ________________ produced by the mother’s body. The ________________ system of mammals is highly developed and has adapted to the lifestyle of each individual species. Diversity of Mammals There are approximately _____________________ different species of mammals on Earth today. The majority of mammals live on _____________________ , but some species have adapted to live in the air and in the oceans. There are three groups of mammals - _____________________ , _____________________ , and _____________________ - that differ in how their young develop. Monotreme mammals __________________________________ __________________________________ Marsupial mammals __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Placental mammals __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Diversity of Birds Birds are the most diverse land vertebrates with almost ________________ different species. Obtaining oxygen Obtaining oxygen Nervous system Nervous system Keeping conditions stable Keeping conditions stable Movement Movement Obtaining food Obtaining food Key Vocabulary Terms air sac monotremes bird nervous system eggs placental endothermic reptile fertilization species mammals vertebrate marsupials © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4710 www.newpathlearning.com Birds & Mammals \|xiBAHBDy01755kzU