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MA.CCRA.L.College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language
College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language
Vocabulary Acquisition and UseCCRA.L.4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
CCRA.L.5. Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
CCRA.L.6. Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge.
Conventions of Standard EnglishCCRA.L.1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Grammar Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Punctuation Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Usage
CCRA.L.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Grammar Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Punctuation Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Usage
Knowledge of LanguageCCRA.L.3. Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
MA.CCRA.R.College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading
College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading
Integration of Knowledge and IdeasCCRA.R.7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.
CCRA.R.8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.
CCRA.R.9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take.
Key Ideas and DetailsCCRA.R.1. Read closely to determine what a text states explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from a text.
CCRA.R.2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize
CCRA.R.3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea
Range of Reading and Level of Text ComplexityCCRA.R.10. Independently and proficiently read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts.
Craft and StructureCCRA.R.4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
CCRA.R.5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of a text relate to each other and the whole.
CCRA.R.6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.
MA.CCRA.SL.College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening
College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening
Comprehension and CollaborationCCRA.SL.2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
Presentation of Knowledge and IdeasCCRA.SL.4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that:CCRA.SL.4.b. The organization, development, vocabulary, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
CCRA.SL.6. Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
MA.CCRA.W.College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing
College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing
Research to Build and Present KnowledgeCCRA.W.7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
CCRA.W.8. When conducting research, gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.
CCRA.W.9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research.
Text Types and PurposesCCRA.W.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
CCRA.W.2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
CCRA.W.3. Write narratives to develop experiences or events using effective literary techniques, well-chosen details, and well-structured sequences.
Range of WritingCCRA.W.10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Production and Distribution of WritingCCRA.W.4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
MA.L.6.Grade 6 Language Standards [L]
Grade 6 Language Standards [L]
Vocabulary Acquisition and UseL.6.4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 6 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.L.6.4.a. Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
L.6.4.b. Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., audience, auditory, audible).Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Root Words Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Root Words
L.6.4.c. Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning or its part of speech.
L.6.4.d. Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
L.6.5. Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.L.6.5.a. Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context.
L.6.5.b. Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., cause/effect, part/whole, item/category) to better understand each of the words.
L.6.5.c. Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., stingy, scrimping, economical, unwasteful, thrifty).Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
Conventions of Standard EnglishL.6.1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking; retain and further develop language skills learned in previous grades. (See grade 6 Writing Standard 5 and Speaking and Listening Standard 6 on strength Sentence Structure, Variety, and MeaningL.6.1.c. Place or rearrange phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.
L.6.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.L.6.2.b. Spell correctly, recognizing that some words have commonly accepted variations (e.g., donut/doughnut).Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Spelling
Knowledge of LanguageL.6.3. Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.L.6.3.b. Recognize variations from standard or formal English in writing and speaking, determine their appropriateness for the intended purpose and audience, and make changes as necessary.
MA.RCA-H.6-8.Grades 6–8 Reading Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas: History/Social Studies [RCA-H]
Grades 6–8 Reading Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas: History/Social Studies [RCA-H]
Integration of Knowledge and IdeasRCA-H.6-8.7. Integrate visual information (e.g., charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.
RCA-H.6-8.8. Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion
Key Ideas and DetailsRCA-H.6-8.1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate. (See grades 6–8 Writing Standard 8 for more on paraphrasing.)
RCA-H.6-8.2. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize
RCA-H.6-8.3. Identify key steps in a text’s description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered).
Range of Reading and Level of Text ComplexityRCA-H.6-8.10. Independently and proficiently read and comprehend history/social studies texts exhibiting complexity appropriate for the grade/course.
Craft and StructureRCA-H.6-8.4. Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies.
RCA-H.6-8.5. Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally), including how written texts incorporate features such as headings.
RCA-H.6-8.6. Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author’s point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts).
MA.RCA-ST.6-8.Grades 6–8 Reading Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas: Science and Career and Technical Subjects [RCA-ST]
Grades 6–8 Reading Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas: Science and Career and Technical Subjects [RCA-ST]
Integration of Knowledge and IdeasRCA-ST.6-8.8. Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion
Key Ideas and DetailsRCA-ST.6-8.1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate. (See grades 6–8 Writing Standard 8 for more on quoting and paraphrasing.)
RCA-ST.6-8.2. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize
Range of Reading and Level of Text ComplexityRCA-ST.6-8.10. Independently and proficiently read and comprehend science/technical texts exhibiting complexity appropriate for the grade/course.
Craft and StructureRCA-ST.6-8.4. Determine the meaning of general academic vocabulary as well as symbols, notation, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6–8 texts and topics.
RCA-ST.6-8.5. Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.
RCA-ST.6-8.6. Analyze an author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.
MA.RI.6.Grade 6 Reading Standards for Informational Text [RI]
Grade 6 Reading Standards for Informational Text [RI]
Integration of Knowledge and IdeasRI.6.7. Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, maps) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.
RI.6.8. Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.
RI.6.9. Compare and contrast one author’s presentation of events with that of another (e.g., a memoir written by and a biography on the same person).
Key Ideas and DetailsRI.6.1. Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate. (See grade 6 Writing Standard 8 for more on quoting and paraphrasing.)
RI.6.2. Determine a text’s central idea(s) and how particular details help convey the idea(s); provide a summary of a text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize
RI.6.3. Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., through examples or anecdotes).
Range of Reading and Level of Text ComplexityRI.6.10. Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary nonfiction representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for at least grade 6.
Craft and StructureRI.6.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; explain how word choice affects meaning and tone. (See grade 6 Language Standards 4–6 on applying knowledge of vocabulary to Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
RI.6.5. Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, section, or text feature (e.g., heading) fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas.
RI.6.6. Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.
MA.RL.6.Grade 6 Reading Standards for Literature [RL]
Grade 6 Reading Standards for Literature [RL]
Integration of Knowledge and IdeasRL.6.9. Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres (e.g., stories and poems, historical novels and fantasy stories) in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.
Key Ideas and DetailsRL.6.1. Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate. (See grade 6 Writing Standard 8 for more on quoting and paraphrasing.)
RL.6.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of a text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Fact/Opinion Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Summarize
RL.6.3. Describe how the plot of a particular story, poem, or drama unfolds in a series of episodes as well as how the characters respond or change as the plot moves toward a resolution.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Main Idea
Range of Reading and Level of Text ComplexityRL.6.10. Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary texts representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for at least grade 6.
Craft and StructureRL.6.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices, including those that create repeated sounds and rhythms in poetry, on meaning, tone (i.e., aQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Vocabulary
RL.6.5. Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the theme, setting, or plot.
MA.SL.6.Grade 6 Speaking and Listening Standards [SL]
Grade 6 Speaking and Listening Standards [SL]
Comprehension and CollaborationSL.6.1. Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.SL.6.1.d. Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.
SL.6.2. Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue under study.
Presentation of Knowledge and IdeasSL.6.4. Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details to accentuate main ideas or themes; use appropriate vocabulary, eye contact, volume, and pronunciation. (See grade 6 Language Standards 4–6 for spQuiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
SL.6.5. Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
SL.6.6. Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (See grade 6 Language Standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
MA.SLCA.6-8.Grades 6–8 Speaking and Listening Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas [SLCA]
Grades 6–8 Speaking and Listening Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas [SLCA]
Comprehension and CollaborationSLCA.6-8.1. Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on discipline-specific topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.SLCA.6-8.1.d. Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the evidence presented.
Presentation of Knowledge and IdeasSLCA.6-8.4. Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate vocabulary, eye contact, volume, and pronunciation.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
SLCA.6-8.5. Integrate multimedia components and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
SLCA.6-8.6. Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Speaking
MA.W.6.Grade 6 Writing Standards [W]
Grade 6 Writing Standards [W]
Research to Build and Present KnowledgeW.6.7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.
W.6.8. When conducting research, gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and providing basic bibliographic in
W.6.9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support written analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research, applying one or more grade 6 standards for Reading Literature or Reading Informational Text as needed.
Text Types and PurposesW.6.1. Write arguments (e.g., essays, letters to the editor, advocacy speeches) to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.W.6.1.a. Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly in paragraphs and sections.
W.6.1.b. Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.
W.6.1.c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons.
W.6.2. Write informative/explanatory texts (e.g., essays, oral reports, biographical feature articles) to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.W.6.2.a. Introduce a topic; organize ideas, concepts, and information in paragraphs and sections, using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect; include text features (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), a
W.6.2.b. Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.
W.6.2.c. Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Sequencing
W.6.2.f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.
W.6.3. Write narratives to develop experiences or events using effective literary techniques, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured sequences.W.6.3.a. Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an appropriate narrative sequence.
W.6.3.b. Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.
W.6.3.c. Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Sequencing
W.6.3.d. Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, figurative and sensory language, and techniques such as personification (e.g., “the fog crept in”) to convey experiences or events.
Range of WritingW.6.10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Production and Distribution of WritingW.6.4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in Standards 1–3 above.)
W.6.5. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.W.6.5.a. Demonstrate command of standard English conventions (as described in Language Standards 1–3 up to and including grade 6).Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game Grammar Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Punctuation Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Usage
MA.WCA.6-8.Grades 6–8 Writing Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas [WCA]
Grades 6–8 Writing Standards for Literacy in the Content Areas [WCA]
Research to Build and Present KnowledgeWCA.6-8.7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.
WCA.6-8.8. When conducting research, gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding pl
WCA.6-8.9. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research. (See grades 6–8 Reading Standard 1 for more on the use of textual evidence.)
Text Types and PurposesWCA.6-8.1. Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.WCA.6-8.1.a. Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims/critiques, and organize the reasons and evidence logically in paragraphs and sections.
WCA.6-8.1.b. Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources.
WCA.6-8.1.c. Use words, phrases, and clauses with precision to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims/critiques, reasons, and evidence.
WCA.6-8.2. Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.WCA.6-8.2.a. Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; use paragraphs and sections to organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include text features (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts,
WCA.6-8.2.b. Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.
WCA.6-8.2.c. Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas, concepts, or procedures.Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Sequencing
WCA.6-8.2.f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.
Range of WritingWCA.6-8.10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Production and Distribution of WritingWCA.6-8.4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.